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WAR DEPARTMENT : OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS 



AND 



THE ISSUE OF FUEL 



1914 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1914 



1 a f k . I r n 



i n 






War Department, 

Document No. 473. 

Office of the Quartermaster General. 



0. OF 0. 

FEB 12 



(J . ^~32 



War Department, 
Office of the Chief of Staff, 

Washington, June 12, 191 If.. 
The following Report on Fuel Tests and the Issue of Fuel, made 
under the direction of the Quartermaster General of the Army by 
Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, is approved and herewith 
published for the information and guidance of all concerned. 
By order of the Secretary of War: 

W. W. Wotherspoon, 
Major General, Chief of Staff. 



INDEX. 



Alaska, Weather Bureau chart showing mean minimum temperatures for 62 

Allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate for posts in United 

States, charts of 64 

Allowances, fuel to officers and enlisted men where public quarters not 

available 21 

Areas, grates, of heating boilers, Century, Ideal, and Dunning 63 

Army and Navy Club, Washington, D. C, correspondence relative to data... 105 
Army Regulations, amendments to for carrying into effect new method of 

, issue of fuel 51 

Assistant Secretary of Treasury, letter re allowance fuel for heating pri- 
vate residences, etc 92 

Boilers, Century, Ideal, and Dunning, areas of heating boiler grates 63 

Chart: 

Allowance curve and actual coal consumption curve at Washington Bar- 
racks, comparison 128 

Allowance curves and actual rates of consumption in boilers, Fort Myer, Va., 

comparison of 140 

Allowance curves and actual consumption curves, Fort Sheridan, 111., 

comparison of 145 

Of allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate for posts in United 

States 64 

Daily record of temperatures and coal consumption — 

At Washington Barracks, test 112 

At Fort Myer, Va 130 

Results of tests on heating boilers, etc. — 

Washington Barracks, February 13 to March 25, 1914 Face 86 

Fort Myer, Va., February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Fort Sheridan, 111., February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Temperatures at various posts in the United States 60 

Weather Bureau, showing mean minimum temperatures for Porto Rico, 

Hawaii, and Alaska 62 

Coal, cost and kinds of: 

At various cities in United States, by contract, statement of 94 

At various foreign cities, statement of 96 

Correspondence, relative data, Army and Navy Club, Washington, D. C 105 

Cost and kinds of coal: 

At various cities in United States, by contract, statement of 94 

At various foreign cities, statement of 96 

Daily allowances of fuel, based on proposed new chart allowances, com- 
parison of 62 

Daily record chart of temperatures and coal consumption : 

At Washington Barracks, test ". 112 

At Fort Myer, Va., test 130 

At Fort Sheridan, 111., test 144 

Draft, proposed general order re to issue of fuel at military posts 55 

5 



6 INDEX. 

Fuel: Page. 
Allowance of, to officers and enlisted men where public quarters not avail- 
able '. 21 

Daily allowance of, based on proposed new chart allowances, comparison of. 62 

Instructions, forms and data sheets issued during tests of 73 

Issue of, to officers and enlisted men when occupying public quarters 17 

Issue of, to troops at military posts and stations 9 

Summary and conclusions Capt. Hines's report 30 

Tests of, at Forts Myer, Sheridan, and Washington Barracks 35-42 

Tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, report of L. H. Tripp, sani- 
tary and heating engineer 86 

Tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, report of P. M. Anderson, 

electrical and mechanical engineer 80 

Tests, instructions issued at Fort Myer, Va., for carrying into effect 109 

Tests at Fort Myer, Washington Barracks, and Fort Sheridan, 111., com- 
ment of post authorities 99 , 

Hawaii, Weather Bureau chart showing minimum temperatures for 62 

Instructions: 

Forms and data sheets issued during tests of fuel 73 

Issued at Fort Myer, Va., for carrying fuel tests into effect 109 

Issue op fuel: 

Amendments to Army Regulations for carrying into effect, report relative to. 9 

At military posts, draft of proposed general order relative to 55 

To officers and enlisted men when occupying public quarters 17 

To troops at military posts and stations 9 

Letter — 

From Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, re allowance fuel for heating 

private residences, etc 92 

Of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, submitting report of fuel 9 

Map of — 

The Philippine Islands, showing mean annual and minimum temperatures. 

The United States, showing mean minimum temperature for — 

The year Follow 145 

December Follow 145 

January Follow 145 

February Follow 145 

December, January, and February combined Follow 145 

March and November combined Follow 145 

April, May, and October combined . . . * Follow 145 

June, July, August, and September combined Follow 145 

March Follow 145 

November Follow 145 

April Follow 145 

May Follow 145 

October Follow 145 

June Follow 145 

July Follow 145 

August Follow 145 

September Follow 145 



INDEX. 7 

Myer, Fort: Page. 

Chart of daily record of temperatures and coal consumption 130 

Chart report of tests on heating boilers, February 15 to March 25, 1914 . . Face' 92 

Comments of post authorities on fuel tests 99 

Comparison chart allowance curve and actual rates of consumption in 

boilers 140 

Instructions issued at, for carrying fuel tests into effect 109 

Report of L. H. Tripp on fuel tests 86 

Report of P. M. Anderson on fuel tests 80 

Table comparing cost of heating standard room with officers' rooms 45 

Tests of fuel at 40 

Officers' quarters, schedule of rooms in various types 97 

Philippine Islands, map of, showing mean annual and minimum tempera- 
tures Follow 145 

Porto Rico, Weather Bureau chart, showing mean minimum temperatures for. 62 

Report — 

Chart of tests on heating boilers, etc.^- 

Washington Barracks, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 86 

Fort Myer, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Fort Sheridan, 111., February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Of L. H. Tripp on fuel tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks 86 

Of P. M. Anderson on fuel tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. . . 80 
On fuel- 
Letter of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, submitting 9 

Summary and conclusions of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster 

Corps 30 

Reissue of fuel, amendment to Army Regulations for carrying into 

effect 51 

Schedule of rooms, in various types of officers' quarters 97 

Sheridan, Fort: 

Chart of daily record of temperatures and coal consumption 144 

Chart report of tests on heating boilers, etc., at, February 18 to March 25, 

1914 Face 92 

Comments of post authorities on fuel tests 99 

Comparison of chart allowance curve and actual consumption curve 145 

Tests of fuel at 42 

Statement — 

Of cost, and kinds of coal at various cities in United States, by con- 
tract 94 

Of cost and kinds of coal at various foreign cities 96 

Summary and conclusions, made in report on fuel, by Capt. F. T. Hines, 

Quartermaster Corps 30 

Table — 

Of allowances per month for heating officers' quarters for various zones of 

equal temperature 47 

Of allowances per room for heating officers' quarters for various zones of 

equal temperature 48 

Showing average size of rooms in officers ' quarters 43 

Showing average costs in Washington, using gas for fuel for officers on com- 
mutation status 92 

Showing comparison present fuel allowances with allowances recommended 

in report 49 



8 INDEX. 

Table — Continued. Page. 

Showing cost of heating apartment houses 86 

Showing cost of heating standard room of 3,000 cubic feet 44 

Showing cost of cooking and heating water in officers' quarters 46 

Showing minimum values present fuel allowances for various zones of equal 

temperature, computed in quantities hardwood 50 

Showing temperature periods, zones of equal temperature, and cost of 

heating according to rank of officer 52 

Comparing cost of heating standard room officers' quarters at Fort Myer 

and Washington Barracks 45 

Temperatures — 

And coal consumption at Fort Myer, chart of daily record 130 

And coal consumption at Washington Barracks test, chart of daily record. 112 

Various posts in United States, charts of 60 

Tests — 

Of fuel at Forts Myer, Sheridan, and Washington Barracks 35-42 

Report of, on heating boilers, etc. — 

FortMyer, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Fort Sheridan, February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 

Washington Barracks: 

Chart of daily record of temperatures and coal consumption tests 112 

Chart report of tests on heating boiler, etc., February 15 to March 25, 1914 

Face 86 

Comments of post authorities on fuel tests at 99 

Comparison of chart allowance curve and actual consumption curve 128 

Report of L. H. Tripp, sanitary and heating engineer, on fuel tests at 86 

Report of F. M. Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer, on fuel 

tests at 80 

Table comparing cost of heating standard room in officers ' quarters 45 

Fuel tests at 35 

Weather Bureau chart, showing mean minimum temperatures for Porto 

Rico, Hawaii, and Alaska 62 

Zones of equal temperature 26 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS AND THE ISSUE OF FUEL. 



War Department, 
Office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, 

Washington, April 28, 1914- 
From: Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps. 
To : The Chief of the Quartermaster Corps. 
Subject: Fuel. 

" 1. There is submitted herewith for your consideration a full and 
detailed discussion of the subject of the issue of fuel to the Army at 
large. 

2. This subject has been given careful consideration and is pre- 
sented herein under the following headings: 

First. The issue of fuel to troops at military posts and stations. 
Second. The issue of fuel to officers and enlisted men at military 
posts and stations, when occupying public buildings as quarters. 

Third. The fuel allowances of officers and enlisted men when serv- 
ing with or without troops at stations where no public quarters are 
available. 

FIRST. THE ISSUE OP FUEL TO TROOPS AT MILITARY POSTS 

AND STATIONS. 

The present allowances of fuel are prescribed hi Army Regulations, 
1044, 1913, and from time to time many interpretations have been 
made by this office relative to the issue of fuel as fixed by that regu- 
lation, taken in connection with the extra issues thereof, which may 
be authorized under paragraph 1006, Army Regulations, 1913. It 
will be noted that the allowances prescribed in the paragraph referred 
to are based on the number of men occupying the buildings in ques- 
tion and on the latitude, the allowances being computed from the 
allowance as given in cords of wood. 

As generally understood, the quantities stated in the table included 
in paragraph 1044, Army Regulations, 1913, are the maximum allow- 
ances of fuel for enlisted men occupying barracks or quarters when 
said barracks or quarters are heated with heating stoves, and the 
allowances as therein stated include the fuel required for cooking, 
heating water, etc., there being no definite allowance for cooking and 
heating water. 

When it is found that the allowances of fuel as fixed by this table 
are not sufficient to heat the barracks, quarters, or other buildings 



10 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

occupied as such, and do the cooking, heat the necessary water for 
bathing and other purposes (the number of heating stoves not exceed- 
ing the number fixed in the table), the additional fuel required is an 
extra issue within the meaning of paragraph 1006, Army Regulations, 
and final action thereon is taken by the department commander. 

In cases where it is found necessary to make use of heating stoves 
in excess of the allowance authorized in the paragraph referred to, 
which increase would cause the use of extra fuel, the issue thereof 
requires the approval of this office. 

The allowances of fuel where buildings are heated by steam or hot- 
water heating plants is a separate and distinct allowance from that 
fixed by the table in Army Regulations, 1044, and takes the place of 
all other allowances for the enlisted men occupying the buildings so 
heated. 

These allowances are found in the last paragraph of Army Regula- 
tions, 1044. 

Where a building is heated by steam or hot-water plant and the 
quantity of coal authorized, based on radiating surface, is not suffi- 
cient to properly heat the building, any additional quantity of fuel 
necessary is also considered an extra issue and requires authorization 
under the provisions of Army Regulations, 1006, final action thereon 
being taken by the department authorities and subsequently reported 
to this office. 

From what has preceded, therefore, it will be seen that the fuel 
necessary for preparing food and heating water for enlisted men in 
barracks or quarters is an extra issue, which is recommended by the 
post authorities and authorized by the department authorities. The 
present instructions of this office require post quartermasters to 
submit promptly at the end of each month to department quarter- 
masters a report of the quantity and kind of coal used in excess of 
the allowances fixed by regulations, which report is submitted for the 
approval of the department commander, in accordance with Army 
Regulations, 1006. 

It is evident from the number of interpretations requested of Army 
Regulations, 1044, that the provisions relative to the issue of fuel and 
the requirements of the regulations are not clearly understood, and 
it is doubtful if such provisions are strictly complied with at military 
posts. 

An investigation of the matter indicates that extra issues of fuel 
have been made for cooking and for heating water for bathing pur- 
poses at nearly every post situated above the thirty-sixth degree of 
north latitude. These reports are made monthly, and as the amount 
of coal necessary for these purposes is very large it would indicate 
that the regulation allowance for heating is insufficient to include the 



EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 11 

necessary amount of fuel needed for heating water and for cooking 
purposes as well. 

In the opinion of this office, as it is always necessary to make these 
extra issues, it would appear to be a saving of time, work, and corre- 
spondence and, no doubt, an economy in the use of fuel if the allow- 
ances for all purposes were definitely fixed. 

The heating plants and ranges used at military posts are very 
costly and by neglect and misuse they are often put out of service 
or costly repairs are made necessary in a year's use or less, when it is 
thought that by proper care and handling their life should be pro- 
longed to 12 or 15 years, and, in some instances, longer, with only 
an occasional small outlay for repairs. 

The damage done is due, first, to too intense firing, which warps and 
burns out range tops and ovens and melts linings of fire doors; 
second, from allowing ashes to accumulate in ash pits until grates, 
for the want of proper air supply, are burned and melted; third, 
from want of air through slides of feed doors the heat burns and 
melts finings of feed doors; fourth, from the excessive use of coal 
and the filling of the fire boxes to their utmost capacity, with the 
drafts fully opened and all door ventilators closed. This warps and 
cracks boiler fronts, burns out fire boxes, and forces leaks in water 
tubes and sections; fifth, neglect to regulate back check drafts. 

From reports that have been received from time to time in this 
office in regard to the use of fuel for heating and cooking, it is clearly 
indicated that at a large number of posts the amount of fuel actually 
used for these purposes is from 10 to 20 per cent in excess of the 
amount that should be required for the proper heating of the several 
buildings and for cooking. 

Considerable data has been collected relative to this matter, and, 
after a careful study, a plan has been worked out which seems to 
offer a proper solution of the fuel problem. With the approval of 
the Secretary of War, on January 22, 1914, and with a view to 
definitely determining whether such a plan could be operated prac- 
tically at Army posts, fuel tests were conducted from February 14 
to March 25, 1914, at Fort Myer, Va., Washington Barracks, D. C, 
and Fort Sheridan, 111. The results of these tests clearly indicate 
that the plan proposed, which follows, is entirely feasible and will 
result in greater- economy in the use of fuel and in the annual upkeep 
of heating plants; also, in many instances, it will result in greater 
comfort to officers and enlisted men occupying public huildings at 
military posts. 

The methods used in conducting the tests at the posts above re- 
ferred to and the results obtained are hereto appended and marked 
"Exhibit — ." A careful study of the methods used and results 



12 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

obtained would seem to indicate that the following plan should be 
put into effect at all military posts at the earliest practicable date: 

First. To require the post quartermaster to keep a definite and 
accurate account of the amount of fuel of all kinds that is received 
and issued to each of the several buildings at an Army post. With 
a view of assisting the post authorities in the receiving, issuing, and 
supervising the use of fuel at Army posts, a noncommissioned officer 
of suitable grade, Quartermaster Corps, to be designated, whose 
duties will be to receive and supervise the issue and use of fuel in all 
buildings at that post. 

Second. That there be assigned to each public building or group 
of buildings, a competent enlisted man for the purpose of handling 
the heating apparatus installed in that building or group of build- 
ings. In the case of company or detachment barracks, a company 
fireman should be required to keep a daily record of the amount of 
coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in such building. 
The man so assigned in charge of the heating apparatus should be 
changed as infrequently as possible, and should be selected because 
of his trustworthiness and special fitness for the work. The organi- 
zation commander or officer responsible for the building in question 
should be required to make an inspection of the heating apparatus 
installed in that building, and, in the case of company or detach- 
ment barracks, some responsible noncommissioned officer of the 
organization should be required to supervise daily the important 
matter of proper and economical use of fuel, the daily removal of 
ashes from ash pits, and the cleaning of flues. Greater interest and 
economy in the use of fuel will be obtained when the company fire- 
men are required to keep a daily record of the amount of coal used 
and the temperature of the squad rooms in each building, and at the 
time of periodical inspections prescribed in existing regulations, both 
by company and post commanders, if these matters are inquired into, 
competition and interest will be much stimulated. 

Third. An accurate and definite account of the amount of fuel of 
all kinds issued to a building will be kept by the noncommissioned 
officer, Quartermaster Corps, furnished to each post to assist the post 
authorities in this matter. This account will be checked frequently, 
and the instant any building appears to have drawn more fuel than 
allowed by the fuel charts for the proper and economical firing of 
the apparatus in such building, a report will be made to the post 
commander, with a view to having the matter investigated and defi- 
nitely determining the reason for such apparent excessive use of 
fuel/ 

Fourth. The noncommissioned officer, Quartermaster Corps, des- 
ignated to supervise the use of fuel at military posts, will be re- 



REPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 13 

quired to make periodical (daily, if possible) inspections of heating 
plants and other apparatus for which fuel is issued at a military post, 
to see that they are properly fired and that the instructions relative 
to their use are being complied with. 

Fifth. For the firing of heating boilers in officers' quarters and 
messes at a military post there should be assigned a detail of a suf- 
ficient number of enlisted men from organizations serving at the 
post, to properly take care of such heating apparatus. This detach- 
ment should be in charge of a noncommissioned officer of suitable 
rank, who will be responsible for the proper use of fuel in such 
buildings. 

3. The post authorities can not give this subject too close atten- 
tion, and it is believed to be perhaps the most serious waste in post 
administration, as the reports received and the results of tests made 
indicate that the cost of upkeep of the apparatus referred to is 
excessive. 

4. As previously stated, the present allowances of fuel for barracks 
and public buildings are based on the number of men occupying 
such buildings and the latitude. A study of the temperature charts 
submitted with this report clearly indicates that these premises are 
not well founded and that the issue of fuel, for any purpose, is neces- 
sarily dependent upon the following: 

First. The building. 

Second. The heating apparatus installed in the building. 
Third. Mean minimum temperature of the locality in which the 
building is situated. 

5. It is therefore believed that the issue of fuel at military posts 
and stations should be based — 

First. Upon the area in square feet of grate on which the fuel is 
burned. 

Second. The average outside temperature during the time such 
fuel is burned. 

Third. On a factor which takes into account the human element, or 
those charged with the operation of such apparatus. 

6. To attempt to introduce a fourth variable, i. e., the number of 
men in the heated buildings, is entirely impracticable. The basic 
facts, as stated above, are easily determined, as the area of any given 
grate is constant, reliable temperature records for a period of from 
30 to 40 years are available, and the results obtained in practical 
tests in connection with the method outlined are known. 

7. It then becomes necessary to make only one assumption: The 
maximum rate at which coal can be economically burned, with 
natural draft, under heating boilers. Past experience of this office and 
the results obtained in connection with the fuel tests above referred 



14 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

to both indicate that this rate is approximately 5 pounds per square 
foot for grates up to 7 square feet in area and about 6 pounds per 
square foot for grates from 7 to 16 square feet in area. Reference to 
the curves showing results of the tests conducted at Washington 
Barracks and Fort Myer clearly indicates that with these amounts 
of coal for the square feet of grate area referred to, there will be 
sufficient allowance to take care of the variable factor caused by 
those charged with the operation of such apparatus, and at no post 
in the temperature zones referred to should the fuel consumption 
exceed that given on the charts. 

8. With the data determined, coal consumption charts for various 
minimum temperatures from plus 40° to minus 40°, at 10° intervals, 
have been prepared, and the allowable rate of combustion at any 
intermediate (average temperature) between 70° and the minimum 
on any chart is directly interpolated. 

9. In addition to the above charts, for any one post it is only 
necessary to have a record of the average temperature for the heating 
season to obtain the coal consumption in any boiler, either for the 
entire season or for any one or more months of the season. 

10. There are appended hereto two sets of blue prints, the first set 
being a tabulation of temperatures from which a mean temperature 
for each post has been determined; also temperature curves which 
have been prepared by the Weather Bureau in connection with the 
tests above referred to. Each chart shows the name of the post to 
which it is applicable, the mean temperatures for the various locali- 
ties, which were obtained from the Weather Bureau, being based on 
reports for a number of years, varying from 30 to 40 years; and, 
second, a set of blue prints, numbered from 1 to 9, have been prepared 
showing the allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate 
area at the several posts for steam and hot-water boilers. 

11. To illustrate how this method of the issue of fuel may be 
carried out, the following example is given: Referring to chart No. 5, 
herewith, on which chart appears, among other posts named, Fort 
Myer, Va., and which post may be taken as an example, the problem 
would be solved in this manner, assuming the building in question 
to be equipped with a Century boiler of 2,200 feet capacity, with 
10J square feet of grate area: 

First. To determine the amount of coal necessary for a heating 
season of eight months : 

(a) Referring to temperature table herewith, it will be found that 
the average temperature for Fort Myer for the season is 45° F. 

(b) Interpolating on the coal chart at 45° it will be found that 
2.15 pounds of coal should be required per square foot of grate area 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 15 

per hour as the average rate of combustion, so that the total tons of 
coal for a heating season of eight months would be as follows: 

2.15 poundsX24 hoursX242 daysXIO. 5 square feet „. ^ 
2,240 pounds.' =6 ° tonS f ° r the seas0n - 

12. It is believed from data obtained in the fuel test at this post 
that an amount of fuel nearer to fulfilling actual conditions can be 
ascertained by computing in accordance with the preceding method 
for each month of the year, rather than for the entire heating season. 
This amount would then be determined for each month as follows, 
assuming the month of January: 

(a) Referring to temperature table, it will be found that the 
average temperature for the month of January is 35°. 

(b) Interpolating on the coal charts at 35°, it will be found that 
3 pounds of coal per square foot of grate area is the proper amount 
to be used for the boiler in question. The total allowance by this 
method would then be determined as follows: 

3 pounds X 24 hours X 31 days X 10. 5 square feet .. . , , , T 

— ±- — n ._ ^-j - =10. 4o tons for the month of January. 

2,240 pounds. J 

13. The above calculations are based on the assumption that 
standard coal of 1,800 pounds equivalent per cord of oak wood is 
used. This may not be the case at other posts, and if coal which 
has a different fuel equivalent is used, it will be necessary to apply 
a correction for this difference of equivalents. This problem would 
be worked out as follows: 

In the case of the amount determined for the month of January, 
which, it will be seen, was 10.45 tons for a coal having an equiva- 
lent of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood, assuming that instead 
of it being the standard coal of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood, a 
coal having equivalent of 1,675 pounds was used, the correct allowance 

would then be: ..'^ X 10. 45 = 9. 67 tons as the correct allowance for 
1 ,oUU 

the month of January. 

14. It will readily be seen that for each building in question the 
post quartermaster would work out the allowance for each month 
and tabulate it for ready reference. Should the amount of coal 
issued to the building be exceeded at any time during the period in 
question, it will clearly indicate that those in charge of the heating 
apparatus are not obtaining the best results in the use of such appa- 
ratus, and that the fuel in question is not being economically burned. 
In addition to the heating boilers installed in barracks, there are also 
installed hot-water heaters, for which a definite allowance of fuel 
should be given. The allowance for the Tabasco hot-water heater, 



16 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



or in fact for any hot-water heater installed, can be readily deter- 
mined in a manner similar to that given above. From the charts 
attached hereto the allowances have been computed and are given 
in the following table, and apply to the Tabasco hot-water heaters 
in the service: 





Heater. 




No. 150, 
17 and 18. 


No. 200, 
21 and 22. 


No. 300, 
25, 26, and 27. 


No. 500, 30. 




i 0. 7854 
3,000 


0.7855-1.40 
4,000 


1.41-2.18 
7,000 


2.19-3.40 




9,000 






] 


And less. 









The above quantities are based on the mean outside temperature 
found during tests at Washington Barracks and Fort Myer, Va. 
While the temperature has a material bearing on the quantity of 
fuel used for heating, the variation, so far as the heating of water 
is concerned, is very slight, and no additional allowance should be 
made therefor. Slight variation in temperature being considered 
in arriving at the above quantities. 

These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite 
and good coking bituminous coals are used. Should any other coal 
be used, corrections of the amounts above indicated should be made 
in accordance with paragraph 13 above, the same formula being 
applicable. 

15. In addition to the heating boilers and Tabasco heaters, there 
are also used in barracks and other buildings occupied by troops 
Army ranges for cooking purposes. From the results obtained from 
data received in this office from time to time and that obtained at 
the recent tests, it was found that the several types of ranges aver- 
age in the use of fuel as follows : 

No. 3 range, 84.45 pounds per day, or 2,533.5 pounds per month. 

No. 3a range, used in noncommissioned officers' quarters, 1,744.5 pounds per month. 

No. 4 range, 203.3 pounds per day, or 6,099 pounds per month. 

No. 5 range, single, 159 pounds per day, or 4,770 pounds per month. 

The Latrobe heater in noncommissioned officers' quarters, size 0.78 square foot grate, 

used 1,634.3 pounds per month. 
Latrobe, size 0.99 square foot of grate, 1,801.8 pounds per month. 

It is therefore recommended that the allowances for Army ranges 
be fixed as follows : 

Army ranges: 

Nos. 1, 2, 6 (old), 3, 3a, not exceeding 2,500 pounds per month. 
Nos. 4a (old) and 5 single, 4,500 pounds per month. 
Nos. 4 (old) and 5 double, 6,000 pounds per month. 

The tests show that the outside temperature and the time of year 
cause the amount of fuel used for cooking purposes to vary slightly. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 17 

This is especially so in case of ranges used in officers and enlisted 
men's quarters, where the kitchen range heats the kitchen. So that 
necessarily in cold weather the amount of fuel required for officers 
and enlisted men's quarters, so far as cooking and heating water are 
concerned, is increased. The amounts above fixed, however, will 
prove ample and answer all purposes for the year round. 

16. These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite 
and good coking bituminous coals are used. For any other type of 
fuel the formula given in paragraph 13 should be used to determine 
the amount of fuel needed. Reference to the charts attached to this 
report, showing the results of the fuel tests at Fort Myer, Va., and 
Washington Barracks, D. C, clearly indicates that the allowances as 
given above are ample, and for that reason the post authorities 
should be required to keep within these allowances. Any fuel used 
in addition to. the above to be charged against the officer responsible 
for the building in which such apparatus is used. 

17. For the benefit of those charged with the calculations to deter- 
mine the amount of fuel allowances for the apparatus installed in 
buildings occupied by troops, there is attached to this report a state- 
ment giving the grate areas for the several heating boilers purchased 
and installed in buildings under the Quartermaster Corps. 

SECOND. THE ISSUE OF FUEL TO OFFICERS AND ENLISTED 
MEN AT MILITARY POSTS AND STATIONS WHEN OCCUPYING 
AS QUARTERS PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

1. The act of March 2, 1907, authorizes the furnishing of the heat 
and light "when actually necessary for the authorized allowance of 
quarters for officers and enlisted men," and further provides that 
such heat and light shall be furnished "under such regulations as the 
Secretary of War may prescribe." In accordance with the above 
act, the fuel allowances for officers and enlisted men entitled to and 
occupying public quarters are prescribed in Army Regulations, 1036, 
taken in connection with Army Regulations, 1044, 1913. 

2. It will be noted that these allowances are based upon the number 
of rooms to which the officer or enlisted man is entitled and the de- 
gree of latitude in which such officer or enlisted man is serving. The 
table of allowances is given in cords of oak wood per month. 

3. The allowances are accumulative within a fiscal year, and any 
excess of allowances appearing overdrawn by an officer or enlisted 
man at the end of a fiscal year is to be paid for at the contract price 
of the fuel in question. 

4. The purposes for which fuel is issued to officers or enlisted men 
at a military post may be stated as follows : 

First. For the heating of the quarters assigned to such officers or 
enlisted men. 

53096°— 14 2 



18 REPORT CN FUEL TESTS, 

Second. For cooking and heating water in the quarters to which 

assigned. 

5. At a military post officers may find themselves occupying quar- 
ters under various conditions, which ordinarily will fall under one of 
the following headings: 

(a) Occupying public quarters at a military post consisting of a 
greater number of rooms than that authorized by Army Regula- 
tions. 

(jb) Occupying public quarters at a military post consisting of a less 
number of rooms than authorized by Army Kegulations. 

(c) Occupying public quarters at a military post of the actual 
Regulation allowance of rooms. 

6. The allowance and assignment of quarters is governed by Army 
Regulations, 1024 to 1035, and the conditions enumerated above are 
not always within the control of the officer in question. While it 
is true that officers, under the regulations referred to, are given the 
right to select quarters in accordance with their rank, conditions 
usually exist at posts which prevent them from selecting quarters 
containing their regulation allowance of rooms, so that it can be 
definitely stated that the last condition named above — that of occu- 
pying public quarters at a military post of the regulation allowance 
of rooms — is a condition which seldom, if ever, exists, except in the 
case of a second lieutenant living hi bachelor quarters. It is this 
fact alone which is undoubtedly responsible for the present diffi- 
culties relative to the allowances of fuel, and it will readily be under- 
stood that the two conditions of an officer occupying at a military 
station generally a greater number of rooms than his rank entitles 
him to, and the fact that the allowances of fuel are fixed definitely 
on the number of rooms in accordance with such rank, make it 
doubtful if these two conditions can ever be reconciled. 

7. As a matter of fact, the officer, as a rule, has little choice in 
determining in which of the three conditions of occupancy referred to 
above he may find himself at a military post, and it is believed safe 
to assume that Congress in establishing a limit of cost of officers' 
quarters at a military post never contemplated that quarters of one, 
two, three, or even four rooms would be constructed. The fact that 
they fixed this limit of cost for general, field, and line officers' quar- 
ters would seem to indicate that it was contemplated that quarters 
for officers falling in the three classes would be for each of the classes 
named of approximately the same size and with equal conveniences, 
and accordingly quarters have been constructed within the limits of 
cost prescribed by Congress. 

8. The basis of allowances on the number of rooms to which an 
officer is entitled was established more with a view of establishing a 
monetary value for these allowances when the officer passed from 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 19 

service at a military post, or where these' allowances could be fur- 
nished in kind to the commutation status, or where the allowances 
could not, as a rule, be furnished in kind. 

9. The connecting up, therefore, of the fuel allowances to the num- 
ber of rooms undoubtedly has established a wrong premise in respect 
to the issue of fuel in kind and the commutation value thereof. 

10. As previously stated in connection with the issue of fuel at 
military posts to troops, it is believed that the controlling features 
relative to the issue of fuel to officers and enlisted men are, first, the 
building to which the officer or enlisted man is assigned; second, the 
heating apparatus installed in such building; third, the mean mini- 
mum temperature of the locality in which the building is situated. 

11. The character of the building to which the officer or enlisted 
man is assigned is known ; the proper amount of radiating surface or 
the proper type of heating apparatus is installed in such building, 
based upon the character and land of building used. Therefore, 
this factor is definitely known. The heating apparatus installed in 
the building is of a type which is also known and the amount of fuel 
which should economically be used in such heating apparatus can 
be readily determined. 

12. The mean minimum temperatures of the several localities in 
which military posts are located have been determined from data 
collected for the past 30 to 40 years by the Weather Bureau. 

13. In view of these facts, it would seem reasonable to assume that 
the allowance of fuel for officers and enlisted men serving at military 
posts and stations and occupying public quarters should be estab- 
lished upon one of the following bases: 

(a) That fuel should be issued in kind for the building concerned 
and not for any particular occupant of such building; that the allow- 
ance for this building should be determined from the heating appa- 
ratus installed in said building, i. e., in accordance with the square 
feet of grate area and the temperature zone in which the building 
is located. 

(b) Or that the fuel allowance for officers and enlisted men be 
computed and that they be given a definite monetary allowance for 
such purposes and be required to purchase the necessary amount of 
fuel from the Government at contract price for heating the quarters 
occupied by them at military posts, as well as for cooking and heat- 
ing water for other purposes. 

These two methods have been considered and are presented here- 
with separately. 

FIRST METHOD. ISSUE OF FUEL IN KIND TO BUILDINGS. 

This method has the advantage that the actual amount of fuel 
necessary will be issued and any savings in the amount of fuel given 
as the allowance for the building in question will revert to the Gov- 



20 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

ernment. The amount allowed for the building being based upon the 
economical use of fuel in the apparatus installed in such building, 
and the temperature will at all times be sufficient to afford proper 
heating for the quarters in question. At the same time any excess 
use of fuel above the allowance will be charged against the occupant 
of the building in question. This method, it is thought, also requires 
the least amount of work in connection with the accounting for the 
fuel issued for the buildings concerned. 

Reference to the chart attached hereto, entitled "Comparison of 
daily allowances of fuel based on proposed new chart allowances and 
Army Regulations," indicates that a material saving in the amount 
of fuel will be effected by the issue of fuel in kind to buildings at a 
military post in accordance with the method herein outlined. It 
frequently occurs at a military post that an officer of high rank is 
assigned to a building wherein the heating apparatus will probably 
require the fuel allowance of an officer of junior grade. Likewise, 
in the case of bachelor quarters, the necessary amount of fuel for 
heating such building depends upon the heating apparatus, the 
building, and the outside temperature, whereas the total allowance 
under the present regulations would be the combined allowances of 
the officers concerned, which would manifestly be greatly in excess 
of the necessary amount of fuel that could economically be burned in 
the apparatus installed in such building. 

SECOND METHOD. GIVING TO EACH OFFICER A MONEY ALLOWANCE 

FOR FUEL. 

It would be difficult under this method to arrive at a money allow- 
ance that would fulfill all conditions in all parts of the country. It 
would probably be necessary to have several allowances in order to 
assure proper allowance being given to officers in the different locali- 
ties in which serving. This would undoubtedly result in complica- 
tions in having more than one allowance for each grade. 

As previously stated, officers are frequently assigned at military 
posts to houses with more than their regulation allowance of rooms. 
The money allowance, if based upon their allowance of rooms, would 
not, in all cases, be sufficient to purchase enough fuel to properly heat 
a house of a greater number of rooms than their allowance to which 
they might be assigned. 

Principally for the reasons given in first method above, and the 
fact that any money allowance made for such purpose would neces- 
sarily have to be sufficiently large to enable an officer to properly 
heat a building of a greater number of rooms than his authorized 
allowance, it is not believed to the best interests of the service that 
this method be placed into effect, and it is doubtful whether such 
method could properly be carried out without congressional action. 



REPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 21 

THIRD. FUEL ALLOWANCES OF OFFICERS OR ENLISTED MEN 
WHEN SERVING (OTHER THAN AT MILITARY POSTS) WITH OR 
WITHOUT TROOPS AT STATIONS WHERE NO PUBLIC QUARTERS 
ARE AVAILABLE. 

1. When officers or enlisted men are assigned to duty, with or 
without troops, at a station other than a military post, under the 
present regulations fuel is either issued in kind under Army Regu- 
lations, 1036, taken in connection with Army Regulations, 1044, 
1913, or in cases where such officer or enlisted man is occupying 
quarters other than public, heated by a separate plant, for which it 
is impracticable to furnish fuel in kind, the present regulations 
require this corps to pay the owner or authorized agent of such 
quarters for the heat at the rate of $4 a cord for the fuel allowance 
for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceeding the 
number authorized by regulations. 

2. When an officer or enlisted man leaves a military post under 
the conditions above stated, he assumes one of the following con- 
ditions of occupancy of quarters: 

(a) In a dwelling house provided with a separate heating plant 
and appliances for cooking. 

(b) In an apartment, hotel, or club not provided with a separate 
heating plant or separate appliances for cooking. 

(c) In an apartment without a separate heating plant or cooking 
facilities. 

(d) The joint occupancy with others in any of the places above 
referred to. 

3. Under each of the conditions named, the officer or enlisted 
man concerned may — 

First. Occupy a greater number of rooms than authorized in 
Army Regulations. 

Second. He may occupy a less number of rooms than authorized 
in Army Regulations. 

Third. He may occupy the regulation allowance of rooms. 

In other words, there are four entirely different methods of living, 
with three modifications of each, or no less than 12 different con- 
ditions to be considered under the existing regulations regarding the 
issue of fuel. 

4. It is manifest, therefore, from the start that it is not practicable, 
and, it might be stated, next to impossible, to arrive at an allowance 
which will meet all the conditions above named exactly. It would 
seem reasonable, therefore, that the proper thing to do in connection 
with the solution of this problem would be to arrive at an allowance 
which would come the nearest to satisfying all conditions, the reason- 
ableness of which can not be questioned. 

5. In the first case referred to, i. e., where an officer or noncom- 
missioned officer occupies a dwelling house, under the present regu- 



22 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

lations, fuel in kind is issued for heating and cooking purposes, and 
the maximum allowances therefor are provided in Army Regulations, 
1044. 

In this case, only the actual amount of fuel necessary for these 
purposes is furnished to the officer in kind, and any saving resulting 
from the allowances provided in Army Regulations, 1044, revert to 
the Government. In case the amount of fuel necessary for these 
purposes is exceeded, the officer must necessarily purchase the 
additional fuel needed at his own expense. 

6. In the case of an apartment, hotel, or club, not provided with 
a separate heating plant or with separate appliances for cooking, 
it has heretofore been considered impracticable to determine defi- 
nitely the amount of fuel actually necessary for the particular 
apartment in question, and, in accordance with the regulations 
above referred to, the full commuted value of the fuel allowance for 
the grade of the officer in question has been paid to the owner of the 
apartment, hotel, or club. 

7. Two conditions may arise in the case of an officer occupying 
an apartment, hotel, or club — one, when the apartment, hotel, or 
club is provided with separate appliances for cooking, and the other, 
where no such appliances are available. In the first case, any fuel 
used for cooking, in view of the fact that the full commuted value 
of the officer's fuel allowance has been turned over to the owner of 
the apartment, hotel, or club, must necessarily be paid for by the 
officer himself. 

The full commuted value turned over to the landlord in this case 
must include the amount necessary for heating and the propor- 
tionable amount necessary for cooking and heating water. In other 
words, the rate given an officer in an apartment, hotel, or club 
includes all the conveniences attached to such quarters, and a sepa- 
ration of the amounts for rent, heating of the apartment, and heating 
of water is not practicable. 

8. In an apartment without a separate heating plant or cooking 
facilities, the commuted value of the fuel turned over to the landlord 
is in payment for the necessary heating of the apartment and the 
] uniting of water only, and in lieu of the necessary cooking facilities 
the officer must make arrangements elsewhere for these conveniences. 

9. In the case of joint occupancy under any of the conditions 
enumerated above, greater difficulties are involved in order definitely 
to determine the quantity of fuel to be issued in kind or the com- 
muted amount to be paid for each officer to the owner of the premises. 
These conditions arc commented upon with a view of indicating 
some of the difficulties which are now encountered under the regu- 
lations relative to the issue of fuel in kind to officers or noncom- 
missioned officers when serving other than at a military post and 



EEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 23 

at a station where no public quarters are. available, and to indicate 
in some measure the impracticability of arriving at an exact amount 
which will fulfill all conditions accurately. 

ACTUAL COST OF HEATING IN APARTMENTS AND CLUBS. 

1. With a view to determining definitely the actual amount of fuel 
necessary to heat a room in an apartment or club, this office, with 
the consent of the management, has conducted tests and obtained 
data relative to the heating of the Army and Navy Club and the 
following apartments in the city of Washington: 

The Wyoming. 
The Westmoreland. 
The Highlands. 
The Belmont. 

2. When it is stated that the obtaining of this data involves look- 
ing into affairs which are considered more or less of a confidential 
nature by the various managements of the institutions referred to, 
it will be readily understood that the obtaining of this data has been 
accompanied by numerous difficulties and delays. The data as pre- 
sented herein, however, is accurate and can be vouched for in every 
particular. The tests conducted at the apartments named were made 
under the personal supervision of a competent engineer of this office, 
assisted by the engineers on duty at the apartments concerned. The 
details of conducting the tests are contained in the reports appended 
hereto. From the data obtained the following results have been 
computed : 

ARMY AND NAVY CLUB. 

3. The total heated space in the Army and Navy Club is 960,000 
cubic feet. 

The heated space included in bedrooms, and in bathrooms, closets, 
etc., in connection therewith, is 150,000 cubic feet. 

Total number of rooms in the club, 69. 

The records in the office of the treasurer, Army and Navy Club, 
show that it cost for heating the club from January 1, 1913, to Decem- 
ber 31, 1913, $2,476.62. This is the total cost of fuel for all the steam 
boilers. 

The cost of attendance, including salaries and meals for engineers 
and firemen was $282.50 per month. 

The cost of fuel for the boilers during the summer was $534.80. 
This amount is necessarily included in the total fuel cost referred to 
above. 

Steam was used for heating from January 1, 1913, to May 15, 1913, 
and from October 19, 1913, to December 31, 1913, or a period of 
seven months. 



24 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

Based on the above data, the following computations have been 
made, it being assumed that the private heated space in the club is 
heated 20 hours per day and the public heated space 16 hours out of 
the 24 on an average. 

Total cost of steam for cooking, heating water, etc., for the entire 
year would be $1,283.52. This amount deducted from the total fuel 
cost of $2,476.62 would leave $1,193.10 as the cost of fuel for heating 
only. 

The $1,214.50, cost of attendance during the seven heating months, 
is charged to heating. 

Therefore, the total cost of heating for seven months would be the 
sum of $1,193.10 plus $1,214.50, or $2,407.60. To this amount should 
properly be added depreciation on the heating system at the usual 
rate, 3 per cent, which would amount to $552.84. 

Cost of repairs during 1913 was $61. 

The total cost of the heating system, therefore, for the year 1913 
was $3,021.44. 

The total number of cubic feet heated for the seven months was 
665,000. 

Cost, therefore, per cubic foot would be 0.454 cent. 

Cost per room per heating season (seven months) would, therefore, 
be $8.22. 

Cost of heating public space is a proportionate charge which should 
be charged against individual rooms for the season, and amounts to 
$5.92 per room. 

Total cost per room per season (seven months) is, therefore, the 
sum of $8.22 plus $5.92, or $14.14 per room. 

The cost per room per month, therefore, is $2.02. 

It will readily be understood that this amount is the heating cost 
only, to which the actual cost of cooking and heating water should 
be added in order to give the officer his total allowance as provided 
at a military post. 

THE WYOMING. 

1. This apartment is fitted with a gravity return heating system 
and is heated by return tubular boilers, using bituminous coal, at a 
cost of $3.80 per ton. Hot water for the building is provided by two 
separate, internally fired heaters, using same type of coal. 

2. From the tabulated results of the test in this apartment it will 
be noted that the cost of heating a room per season of seven months 
is $9.61. The total cost per room per heating season and heating 
water is $10.32. Reducing these values to that of heating a standard 
room of 3,000 cubic feet, the costs are as follows: 

Per heating season, seven months $7. 98 

Per room per month 1. 14 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 25 

3. Separate tests were made at different temperatures, and the 
results show that fuel consumption in a large apartment house such 
as this is proportionately higher in mild weather than during severe 
weather. This is readily understood when it is pointed out that the 
general tendency is to open windows when room temperatures are 
too high, rather than shut off heat at radiators. 

THE HIGHLANDS AND WESTMORELAND. 

1. These apartments are equipped with a vacuum heating system 
and are both heated by exhaust steam from the power plant installed 
in the Highlands. 

2. The conditions existing in these two apartments are such as to 
reduce the cost of heating to a minimum, in view of the fact that the 
heat is obtained from a power plant installed for other purposes, and 
at certain seasons of the year the heating thereof is more or less of a 
by-product. 

3. Referring to the tabulation, it will be noted that the total costs 
per room for heating only for a heating season of seven months for 
these two apartments, are as follows: 

Highlands $8. 06 

Westmoreland 7. 87 

Total cost per room for heating and heating water: 

Highlands 9. 94 

Westmoreland 9. 30 

4. Reducing these values to that of a standard room in order to 
compare with results obtained at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks 
the cost is as follows : 

Total cost per room per heating season, 7 months: 

Highlands $9. 58 

Westmoreland 8. 42 

Cost per room per month : 

Highlands 1.37 

Westmoreland 1. 20 

THE BELMONT. 

1. The Belmont is equipped with a gravity return heating system 
and heated by a cast-iron, low pressure boiler, using bituminous, 
run-of-mine coal. Hot water for the building is heated by an 
internally fired cast-iron heater, using the same fuel. 

2. Cost of heating and heating water in this building is exceedingly 
low, total cost per heating season per room being $9.09. 

1. The results obtained in all the apartments above referred to 
and the Army and Navy Club are tabulated in the table following. 



26 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



Name of apartment and how heated. 



Wyoming, 
live steam. 



Highlands 
exhaust 
steam. 



Westmore- 
land, 
exhaust 
steam. 



Army and 
Navy Club, 
live steam. 



Belmont, 
live steam. 



Number of cubic feet of heated space 

Cubic feet of public heated space not 

chargeable against rooms 

Cubic feet of heated space chargeable to 

rooms 

Number of rooms 

Number of apartments 

Average size of room, cubic feet 

Total annual cost of coal for heating and 

heating hot water 

Total annual cost of coal for heating hot 

water only 

Annual labor and repair charge for heating 

and heating hot water 

Approximate cost of heating system 

3 per cent depreciation 

Total cost for heating and heating hot water 
Total cost for heating and heating hot water 

chargeable to rooms only 

Total cost per room for heating only 

Total cost per room for heating and heating 

hot water 

Total cost per room for heating hot water 

only 

Average (SI. 52) 



1,403,968 

None. 

1, 403, 968 

388 

88 

3,618 



84,000 

765,882 

302 

72 

2,535 



650,664 

16,522 

634, 142 

226 

54 

2,805 



960,000 

810,000 

150,000 

69 

None. 

2,175 



160, 500 

None. 

160,500 

■ 48 

8 

3,345 



82, 500. 00 

276. 00 

900. 00 

20, 000. 00 

600. 00 

4,000.00 

4,000.00 
9.61 

10.32 

0.71 



82, 400. 00 

568. 00 

600. 00 

11,000.00 

330. 00 

3,330.00 

3,000.00 
8.06 

9.94 

1.88 



.$1,515.00 
324. 00 

400. 00 
8,000.00 

240. 00 
2, 155. 00 

2, 100. 00 

7.87 

9.30 
1.43 



81, 193. 00 
C 1 ) 

1, 275. 00 
18, 428. 00 
553. 00 
C 1 ) 

3,021.00 
14.14 

(') 
0) 



8261.00 
C) 

100.00 

2,500.00 

75.00 

436.00 

436. 00 



C 1 ) 



7.98 
1.14 



9.58 
1.37 



8.42 
1.20 



19.50 
2.78 



1 Not determined. 

2. In connection with the costs of heating a standard room in 
apartments as compared with a standard room of dwellings it must 
be borne in mind that the costs will necessarily be materially less 
in apartments, due to the fact that, with the exception of the out- 
side rooms, all rooms are more or less protected by the other rooms 
and are not subject to the same exposures as in private dwellings. 
The costs obtained, therefore, appear reasonable and are what was 
to be expected as compared with the heating of a separate dwelling 
or officers' quarters at military posts. The compactness and low 
cost of fuel and the obtaining of heat as a by-product from central 
plants must necessarily make the cost in apartments and buildings, 
such as the Army and Navy Club, materially less. 

ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE AND FUEL ALLOWANCES FOR 
OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN. 

1 . Based on the foregoing costs of heatmg in apartments, taken in 
connection with the cost of heating a standard room, referred to in 
the report of fuel tests following, allowances for zones of equal tem- 
perature have been computed and tabulated in the table herewith. 

2. A study of the temperature charts appended hereto indicates 
that for the United States proper the months are grouped into sea- 
sons, as follows : 



EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 



27 



Seasons. 



Months. 



Zones of equal 
temperature. 



F. 



Winter (cold) 

Early spring and late fall (fairly cold) 
Spring and fall (warmer) ■...-. 

Summer (hot) 



{December. 
January . . . 
February . 

/March 

\November 

[April 

•|May 

I October... 

I June 
July- 
August . . . 
September 



0-20 
20-30 
30-40 
40-60 
25-35 
35-45 
45-65 
35-40 
40-50 
50-70 

45-55 
55-75 



3. The zones of equal temperature are numbered from 1 to 13, and, 
based on the cost of heating above determined, there have been com- 
puted the actual costs of heating for the various zones. These allow- 
ances are the maximum allowances per room per month for fuel and 
include the necessary amount of fuel for cooking and heating water 
as well as heating. 

4. Reference to the table showing a comparison of the present 
allowances with the new allowances established for zones of equal 
temperature and giving therein the decrease for the coldest and 
warmest zone as compared with the allowances for the present zones, 
based on latitude, clearly indicates the value of the new system of 
allowances and the necessity for basing the same upon the amount 
of fuel actually necessary in the several zones of equal temperature 
given. 

5. The values given in the table are the maximum allowances per 
room per month for officers and enlisted men on duty with or with- 
out troops and not occupying public quarters at military stations. 
It is not contemplated that these amounts will be considered as 
commutation of heat and paid to officers and enlisted men, but that 
the amounts will fix the maximum allowance to be paid as a reim- 
bursement for the cost of heat for the number of rooms actually 
occupied within the authorized allowance for the officers or enlisted 
men concerned, taking into account the locality in which stationed 
at the time such reimbursement is made. 

6. The allowances contained in the table for the several zones of 
equal temperature are based on coal, at $7 per ton, with a fuel 
equivalent of 1,700 pounds per cord of standard oak wood. At 
points other than within the vicinity of the city of Washington the 
cost of fuel will be different from that of $7 per ton and the equiva- 
lent of fuel used will also vary from 1,700 pounds per cord of stand- 
ard oak wood. It will be necessary, therefore, in certain localities 



28 REPORT ON" FUEL TESTS. 

to apply a correction to the values given in the table. For this pur- 
pose the following equation should be used: 

Fuel equivalent Cost per Table value 
Cost per room_ of coal used long ton for month in 
per month - 1,700 X $7 X question. 

For example: At Salt Lake City, Utah, coal costs $5.26 per ton. 
The equivalent for Pleasant Valley bituminous is 2,822 pounds. The 
cost per room per month for a major on detached service in Salt Lake 
City during the period December, January, and February would 
then be: 

Cost per room_2 2 _822. / ?5. 26 y jr.o in_« ™ 
per month = l, 700 $7 

7. Considering the mean minimum temperatures for the Canal 
Zone, Porto Rico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, and Alaska, 
the allowances for posts in those localities should be fixed as follows: 

For the Hawaiian Islands, Canal Zone, and Porto Rico the allow- 
ances given in zone No. 13, the year round. 

Philippine Islands: The allowances given hi zone No. 13, except at 
Camp John Hay and Camp Keithley, for which posts the allowances 
given in zone No. 12 should apply. 

Alaska: For the months of January, February, March, April, 
October, November, and December, the allowances given in zone No. 
1 ; for the months of May, June, July, August, and September, the 
allowances given hi zone No. 2. 

8. With a view to establishing the allowances for officers on 
detached service in foreign cities, the cost and kind of fuel used in the 
several cities has been determined and is appended hereto. There 
have been obtained from the Weather Bureau the mean minimum 
temperatures for the cities concerned, and it is believed that the allow- 
ances should be as follows: 

Mexico City, Mexico: Zone No. 

December, January, February 3 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 13 

Berne, Switzerland: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Stockholm, Sweden: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 9 

June, July, August, September 12 



EEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 29 

Berlin, Germany: • Zone No. 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Constantinople, Turkey: 

December, January, February : . . 2 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 13 

Vienna, Austria: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Peking, China: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Brussels, Belgium: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

London, England: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

St. Petersburg, Russia: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 9 

June, July, August, September 12 

Santiago de Cuba: For the year round 13 

Tokyo, Japan: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Paris, France: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Quito, Ecuador: 

December, January, February % 3 

March, November 8 

April, May, October 11 

June, July, August, September , 13 



30 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

Madrid, Spain: Zone No. 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Rome, Italy: 

December, January, February 2 

March. , November 6 

April, May, October 11 

June, July, August, September 13 

Monrovia, Liberia: For the year round 13 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: For the year round 13 

Lima, Peru: For the year round 13 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 

Based on what lias preceded, the following conclusions are reached 
and recommendations made: 

First. That fuel in kind be issued to officers and enlisted men en- 
titled to and occupying public quarters at military posts, based on 
the building; the apparatus installed in such building and the mean 
outside temperature. 

In connection with the advisability of promulgating regulations^ 
to carry into effect the above method the following question was 
submitted to the Judge Advocate General of the Army for his opinion : 

(a) Under the act of Congress above referred to can the Secretary of War authorize 
the furnishing of the necessary fuel for heating quarters actually occupied by officers 
at military posts, based on the building, the apparatus installed in such building, 
and the outside temperature, instead of fixing the allowance for the grade of the officer 
occupying such building? 

To which question the Judge Advocate General of the Army 
replied : 

It will be observed that the act limits the amount of the heat and light authorized 
to be furnished to that which is "actually necessary for the authorized allowance of 
quarters" and while the act provides that the same shall be furnished "under such 
regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe," it is clear that the authority to 
issue regulations is to be exercised within the limits conferred by the act authorizing 
their issue. Any regulation which would authorize the heating of an eight-room 
building for occupancy by an officer whose allowance is four rooms only would not 
be within the limits of the authority conferred, which is to furnish heat for the 
authorized allowance of quarters. The question at to what is the authorized allowance 
for officers occupying public quarters has not received full consideration. * * * 
Heretofore, it has been assumed, but without thorough consideration, that the author- 
ized allowance is that prescribed in the act of June 17, 1878 (20 Stat., 151), as amended 
by the act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat., 1168), which prescribes the allowance of two 
rooms for a second lieutenant, three for a first lieutenant, four for a captain, etc. 
While this statute is so worded as to call for the assignment of the number of rooms 
specified therein to officers of the respective grades, its primary purpose was to fix 
the allowance of quarters with reference to the amount which should be allowed to 
officers of the respective grades on a commutation status. Congress has authorized, 
by appropriations on estimates regularly submitted, the construction of buildings at 
the several military posts on plans adapted for occupancy of a single officer only, in 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 31 

which the number of rooms exceeds that prescribed by this statute. In the sundry 
civil act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 721), it is provided: 

"That hereafter no money appropriated for military posts shall be expended for 
the construction of quarters for officers of the Army, or for barracks and quarters for 
the artillery, the total cost of which, including the heating and plumbing apparatus, 
wiring and fixtures, shall exceed, in the case of quarters of a general officer, the sum 
of fifteen thousand dollars, of a colonel or an officer above the rank of captain, twelve 
thousand dollars, and of an officer of and below the rank of captain, nine thousand 
dollars." 

The limits of cost here fixed clearly cover the construction of buildings for officers 
of the respective grades in which the number of rooms would be more than the num- 
ber fixed as the allowance of the respective officers by the statute hereinbefore referred 
to. The quarters are designated as "lieutenants' quarters," "captains' quarters," 
"field officers' quarters, " etc. ; and officers of the respective grades are assigned to the 
same and are required to occupy them. It is clearly the intent of the act of March 2, 
1907, supra, that the quarters assigned to an officer should be heated and lighted at 
the expense of the United States, and if the heat and light furnished is limited strictly 
to the number of rooms fixed by the statute above cited as the authorized allowance 
for officers of the respective grades, the intent of the statute that the quarters should 
be heated and lighted at the expense of the United States would not be complied 
with. Here arises a situation which is so obviously unjust to the officer that it is 
believed that some way should be found of avoiding the injustice. The reasonable 
way to do this would be to regard the building of quarters by the Government in excess 
of the officer's allowance, and the assignment of them to the officer, who has no option 
in respect of occupying them, as authorizing the use of a larger number of rooms in 
public quarters than those specified in said acts. I am therefore of opinion that the 
term "authorized allowance" as used in the heat and light statute, when applied to 
public quarters at military posts, should be construed as having reference to the quarters 
actually constructed by the United States for officers of the respective grades, and 
that the regulations prescribing the amount of fuel which may be issued may be prop- 
erly based on the building, the apparatus installed therein, and the outside tempera- 
ture, instead of fixing the allowance for the grade of the officers occupying such 
building. 

(a) It is therefore recommended that the issue of fuel in kind to 
officers and enlisted men on duty at military posts, entitled to and 
occupying public quarters, be based on the building, the apparatus 
installed in such building, and the outside temperature. 

Second. That the fuel allowances for officers and enlisted men, on 
duty with or without troops, and occupying quarters other than 
public, be based upon the actual quantities of fuel necessary, the said 
officers and enlisted men to be reimbursed for the value of the fuel 
allowance for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceed- 
ing the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles 
him, as set forth in Army Regulations, 1044, and not exceeding the 
maximum allowances given in the table for the zone of equal tempera- 
ture in which serving. 

Relative to the legality of establishing allowances in this manner, 
the Judge Advocate General of the Army states: 

The comptroller, however, has held (19 Comp. Dec, 675), that the effect of the 
several regulations of the War Department on the subject referred to in his decision 
amounted to a practical commutation to officers of the maximum amounts of their 



32 REPORT OjS" FUEL TESTS. 

heat and light allowances in cases where quarters other than public are occupied, and 
neither the heat nor light allowance therefor is separately measured; and that there 
was no objection to making the payment of the commuted value of these allowances 
directly to the officer — such payment, however, to be limited to the maximum allow- 
ance for heat and light for the rooms actually occupied by him for the period stated. 

I am therefore of opinion that while the statute provided for an allowance in kind 
so that a flat rate can not be authorized by regulations by way of commutation of the 
heat and light allowance, independent of the amount expended by the officer for the 
purpose,, it would be competent to provide by regulation that an officer occupying 
quarters other than public, where the heat and light are not separately measured, 
will be reimbursed in the amount fixed by the regulation as the amount of heat and 
light actually necessary for heating and lighting the number of rooms actually occu- 
pied by him in the locality where situated; and that where the heat and light are 
separately measured, and are not furnished in kind by the Government, he will be 
reimbursed for the actual cost of the same, within the maximum allowance authorized 
for the number of rooms occupied by him. 

(b) It is therefore recommended that officers and enlisted men, on 
duty with or without troops, entitled to and occupying quarters other 
than public, will be reimbursed for the number of rooms actually 
occupied at the rates prescribed in the table herein for the zones of 
equal temperature in which such officers or enlisted men might be 
serving. 

Third. That where an officer or enlisted man is on detached serv- 
ice in a foreign country and occupying quarters other than public 
such officer or enlisted man be reimbursed for the actual number of 
rooms occupied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank 
of the officer or enlisted man entitles him as set forth in Army 
Regulations, 1044, at the rate fixed for foreign cities hereinbefore 
referred to. 

There is submitted, appended hereto, suggested amendments to 
Army Regulations necessary to carry into effect the recommendations 
above made. 

Frank T. Hines, 
Captain, Quartermaster Corps. 



FUEL TESTS. 



1. In accordance with the verbal instructions of the Secretary of 
War of February 7, 1914, this office commenced fuel tests at Fort 
Myer, Va., Washington Barracks, D. C, and Fort Sheridan, 111., with 
a view to definitely determining the actual amount of fuel necessary 
to heat barracks and quarters occupied by officers and enlisted men 
at the stations named. Also the quantities actually necessary for 
cooking and heating water. 

2. With a view of determining, if possible, zones of equal tempera- 
ture, this office conferred with the Weather Bureau and succeeded in 
obtaining data on which to base the temperature charts submitted as 
part of this report. 

3. Also with a view of having the data determined by the fuel 
tests in question in such form that it could not be questioned, as well 
as obtaining a disinterested and impartial recommendation in con- 
nection therewith, this office addressed letters under date of February 
7, 1914, to the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of Standards, in- 
forming those bureaus that this office was about to commence fuel 
tests at the posts named and requested cooperation, if practicable, of 
the bureaus in question, in connection with these tests. 

4. The greatest assistance and cooperation has been given by the 
Weather Bureau, and especially by the chief of that bureau, Prof. 
C. F. Marvin, in furnishing this office with data on which the tempera- 
ture charts referred to heretofore have been established. 

5. The Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior, in letter 
dated February 13, 1914, acknowledged receipt of letter from the 
Secretary of War, asking cooperation of the Bureau of Mines in the 
tests referred to, and stated that a representative of the Bureau of 
Mines would be directed to confer with this office relative to the fuel 
tests in question. On February 12, 1914, Mr. George S. Pope, of the 
Bureau of Mines, called at this office and consulted with a representa- 
tive of this office relative to the fuel tests being conducted at Fort 
Myer, Va., and Washington Barracks, D. C. The fuel situation was 
discussed in detail with Mr. Pope by Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quarter- 
master Corps, of this office, and the object of the tests above referred 
to fully explained. A copy of the memorandum and a complete set 
of forms used in connection with the tests and instructions relative 
to the same were turned over to Mr. Pope, at his request, in order 
that he might have an opportunity to study the scheme outlined 
more thoroughly. 

53096°— 14 3 33 



34 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 

6. Mr. Pope agreed with Capt. Hines that the scheme as outlined 
would undoubtedly result in obtaining valuable data and greatly 
improving existing conditions. He further stated that he felt that 
the conducting of the tests in question would not only afford valuable 
information to this corps, but would probably be of great value to 
other departments and to the public generally. He assured this office 
that the Bureau of Mines would cooperate in every way practicable 
and assist as much as possible in conducting the tests. He further 
stated that a representative of the bureau at Pittsburgh would be 
ordered to Washington for that purpose, the representative referred 
to being one who had had considerable experience in the question of 
heating apparatus and in the theoretical side of heating, radia- 
tion, etc. 

7. In letter of February 17, 1914, the Secretary, Department of 
Commerce, mformed the Secretary of War that the Bureau of 
Standards had no information that was immediately available on the 
subject of fuel tests. It was promised, however, that that bureau 
would make an investigation in order to determine if the information 
existed elsewhere and render whatever assistance it might hi con- 
nection with the matter. No representative of that bureau appeared 
during the time the tests referred to were conducted. 

8. Mr. S. B. Flagg, representing the Bureau of Mines, called at 
this office on March 13, 1914, and took up in detail with Capt. Hines 
the subject of the fuel tests being conducted by this office. Mr. 
Flagg also visited Washington Barracks, D. C, and investigated the 
methods of conducting the fuel tests referred to. He stated that he 
fully agreed with the conditions under which the tests were being 
conducted and felt perfectly sure that very valuable data would be 
collected. From information obtained from Mr. Flagg it was learned 
that the present fuel equivalents established by the Bureau of Mines 
are not thoroughly reliable. In view of the conditions under which 
fuel is used at military posts, Mr. Flagg stated that it would appear 
advisable for the Bureau of Mines to again determine the fuel equival- 
ents. This office thoroughly agrees with this opinion and has for some 
time felt that more accurate data relative to these equivalents should 
be established. 

9. Preliminary to the commencement of the tests at the posts 
named, the heating apparatus in all buildings was carefully inspected 
by engineers of this office. The methods of firing and keeping of the 
apparatus in proper repair were also noted. 

10. It was noted that in practically every case a large accumulation 
of soot and dust was found on the baffles or on the flues hi the furnaces 
at the posts referred to. In several instances the condition of the 
furnaces would seem to indicate that they had not been cleaned since 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 35 

their original installation. The condition of the doors and methods 
of firing were such as to clearly indicate that those hi charge were 
not familiar with the proper manner of firing heating boilers, and in 
no instance was the apparatus found to be in proper order. Tempera- 
ture regulators, draft doors, etc., were not in working condition and 
not properly set. 

11. In order that the data in connection with the tests might be 
accurately and reliably kept, three sergeants, Quartermaster Corps, 
were assigned to each of the posts — Fort Myer, Va., and Washington 
Barracks, D. C. — and, preliminary to the tests, were carefully in- 
structed relative to the object of the tests and the results it was hoped 
to obtain. Detailed instructions, copies of which are hereto ap- 
pended, were furnished the post authorities and also the enlisted 
men placed hi charge of the tests. 

12. All heating apparatus was thoroughly and carefully cleaned 
and placed in working order before the tests commenced. 

13. There was assigned at each post an officer directly hi charge of 
the tests, under the post quartermaster. Two engineers were also 
assigned in connection with this work, one to Fort Myer, Va., and one 
to Washington Barracks, D. C. Frequent visits, practically daily 
visits, were made to the posts named by the engineers in question and 
the tests and keeping of the data were carefully watched. An officer 
of this office also made frequent visits to the posts named, with a view 
to keeping hi touch with the progress of the tests. 

14. It can be safely stated that the data obtained at these tests, 
which is tabulated and attached hereto, is accurate and definite, and 
it is believed from the results and conclusions drawn in connection 
therewith, that the same may be relied upon to give satisfactory 
results in connection with the rules relative to the issue of fuel recom- 
mended in this report. 

15. The details and manner of conducting the tests at each post 
will be found hi the reports of the post authorities and those of the 
engineers on duty in connections with the tests, appended hereto. 

WASHINGTON BARRACKS, D. C. 

1. The objects of the fuel tests conducted at this post were: 
First. To test the rehab ility of fuel allowance charts; 

Second. To determine the actual cost of heating buildings and the 
cost of fuel necessary for cooking and heating water in officers' and 
noncommissioned officers' quarters. 

2. Appended hereto will be found daily records of temperatures and 
coal consumption of the several buildings at this post, as well as the 
tabulation giving a summary of the results obtained during the tests 
at this post. 



36 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

3. Each daily record chart for the several officers' quarters and 
barracks has been plotted and the curves determined, with a view 
of affording a satisfactory wa} 7 of studying the results and drawing 
conclusions therefrom. Each chart shows by the curves indicated 
thereon the average daily inside temperatures, the average daily 
outside temperatures, the wind movement and direction, the average 
daily coal consumption with coal allowance calculated from charts 
previously prepared in this office and contemplated to be used in 
connection with fuel issues at military posts. 

4. Following the daily record charts for each building, there is given 
a chart showing the averages for the 1 1 officers' quarters for which 
individual charts were prepared. 

5. The conditions, so far as heating apparatus is concerned, at 
Washington Barracks were ideal, as the type of heating apparatus 
in each set of quarters was the same, the only variation being in 
the size of such apparatus. 

6. A study of the daily record charts of the buildings in question 
leads to the following conclusions: 

(a) The outside temperature varied, in so far as data plotted on the 
chart is concerned, from 12° to 62° F. The weather conditions dur- 
ing the tests were quite varied, ranging from a warm day, when the 
temperature was 50° at 8 a. m., to a temperature, for a short period, 
of 3° at 8 a. m. on another day. There were several storms during the 
period, one a blizzard, on March 1-2, with a wind sufficiently high to 
break many windows and result in freezing some exposed pipes. 

(b) The inside temperatures were fairly constant, the greatest varia- 
tion being 8°, and this only on one occasion, the inside temperature 
being maintained at practically 70°. 

(c) The fuel allowances as determined from the fuel charts pre- 
viously prepared in this office were sufficient on all occasions, except 
in cases of. a sudden rise in temperature or where a combination of low 
temperature and high wind occurred, in which cases the fuel consump- 
tion slightly exceeded the allowances as given by the chart. 

(d) That the allowances as given on the fuel charts on the average 
are slightly too great at low temperatures and insufficient at high tem- 
peratures for the apparatus installed at this post. This will readily 
be seen by an inspection of the chart showing a "Comparison of 
chart allowance curve and actual consumption curve, " accompany- 
ing, where the actual results of the tests have been plotted and a new 
curve established. It will be seen that the slant of the original 
curve on the charts prepared by this office was too great, making the 
allowances too large at low temperatures and too small at higher tem- 
peratures. When it is considered that the greatest waste of fuel takes 
place at high temperatures, it is believed advisable to have this condi- 
tion exist, provided no undue hardship will result. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 37 

(e) The wind velocity has a decided effect on the coal consumption, 
as will be noted, particularly on the charts for the period March 1-3, 
where the high wind materially increased the coal consumption. 

COST OF HEATING OFFICERS' QUARTERS. 

1. Referring to the tabulation of results obtained at Washington 
Barracks, it will be noted that the officers' quarters at this post are 
of two classes — those for field officers, consisting of 12 rooms, and 
those for line officers, consisting of 10 rooms. 

Considering the results obtained at Washington Barracks and Fort 
Sheridan, it will be seen that the allowances as fixed by the fuel 
charts are practically correct and it would be inadvisable to make 
any change in the charts at this time. 

2. It will be noted from the tabulation that the average quantities 
of coal used per day for heating, as well as for cooking and heating 
water, are given. The only satisfactory manner of comparing the 
cost of heating is to reduce that cost to the cost per cubic foot, and 
with this in view, the number of pounds of coal per cubic foot of 
heated space, as well as the total average coal used per day for heating, 
is given in the tabulation. It will be noted that the amount of coal 
necessary for heating houses of different sizes is not in direct propor- 
tion to the number of rooms. However, it will be seen that the cost 
of heating per cubic foot is in proportion to the size of building, and 
the results obtained in the tests at this post give regular and consistent 
data in that regard. 

3. A study of the results obtained indicated that there is no one 
rate per room that would be fair, due to the fact that a larger propor- 
tion of fuel per room is required for a small house as compared-with a 
larger one. The larger houses have, as a rule, a greater number of bed- 
rooms, which have a material effect upon the amount of fuel required. 

4. In determining, therefore, the cost of heating per room, it is 
necessary to arrive at some standard basis for size of room, in order 
that the cost of heating per cubic foot may be applied thereto. 

5. So far as can be determined, this question has not been defi- 
nitely settled heretofore, and the only reference thereto in regula- 
tions or acts of Congress this office has been able to find is contained 
in the Regulations of the Army, 1834, where, on page 138, paragraph 
41, the following is stated: 

41. Rooms for officers shall be as established at 225 square feet. 

The regulations from which the above is quoted are based upon 
the acts of Congress of 1821, as contained in volume 2, Document 
199, of State Papers. 

6. Authorities seem to differ greatly on the amount of air required 
per person per hour, and as this requirement necessarily determines 



38 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

the size of the ordinary room, authentic data on this point was 
looked for. 

It is believed that the most reliable data on the subject is given 
in the publication, Preventative Medicine and Hygiene, by Milton 
J. Rosenau, one of the highest authorities on hygiene in this country. 
In reference to this subject Dr. Rosenau states: 

That the accepted amount of pure air required per person per hour is from 2,000 to 
3,000 cubic feet. This does not mean that there should be 3,000 cubic feet for each 
person in. an inhabited room, for it is sufficient if the air space is 1,000 cubic feet, 
provided, of course, the air is changed three times an hour. 

This same authority further states: 

The size of rooms for dwellings and workshops is somewhat of an economic ques- 
tion, but they should be large enough to allow the air to be replaced two or three 
times an hour without causing perceptible drafts. The minimum space, in accord- 
ance with this standard, is about one-third the quantity of air per hour — i. e., from 
700 to 1,000 cubic feet per person. * * * Soldiers in barracks are allowed 600 
cubic feet per head, and the limit for lodging houses is usually fixed from 300 to 500 
cubic feet. 

7. Based on the above, it may, therefore, be assumed that as 
the standard family is taken at five persons, the size of a standard 
room in cubic feet can reasonably be taken at five times the quan- 
tities fixed by the authority above quoted, i. e., at 2,500 cubic 
feet. In addition to the actual space contained in the room itself, 
there is a certain amount of additional space contiguous thereto in 
a building which is heated along with the several rooms and is nec- 
essarily chargeable thereto. 

Reference to the tabulated reports of tests and the data given on 
heating apartments, it will be seen that the average number of cubic 
feet of heated space chargeable to each room is approximately 3,000. 
The standard room, therefore, used as a basis of comparison in this 
report is taken as 3,000 cubic feet. 

8. In considering this question it must be borne in mind that the 
space occupied by furniture and fixtures should be allowed for, and 
when it is considered that the ordinary height of ceilings in dwell- 
ings is from 9 to 10 feet, it will be found that, applying this height 
to the standard room referred to in the regulations of 1834, a room 
15 by 15 by 10 feet would equal 2,250 cubic feet. Allowing 250 
cubic feet for furniture and fixtures and adding thereto the addi- 
tional space chargeable to each room, 3,000 cubic feet as a standard 
room will be very close to the average and fulfill the necessary hy- 
giene conditions. This opinion is also concurred in by the Office of 
the Surgeon General of the Army, and a reference to the tabulation 
of sizes of rooms in officers' quarters, taken from the plans on file in 
this office, would seem to further indicate that a room of this size 
comes nearest to the average 



EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 



39 



9. Referring to the tabulation of results obtained at Washington 
Barracks, the following data relative to the cost of heating a stand- 
ard room per month is obtained, each type of house being considered 
separately: 

FIELD OFFICERS' QUARTERS. 

[Twelve-room houses.] 

1. For a mean outside temperature of 24.17°, it was found that 
the average pounds of coal per cubic foot of heating space are 0.0084, 
and the cost of coal for heating at this post is $7 per long ton (2,240 
pounds). The cost of heating a standard room per month would, 
therefore, be: 

0.00843X3,000X30X7 =$2 38) equals the average cost of heating 1 standard room 
2,240 p er m onth (in 12-room house). 

2. In a similar manner for the several mean outside temperatures 
given, the results have been calculated and are as follows: 

Cost of heating a standard room of 3,000 cubic feet with coal at $7 per ton (2,240 pounds). 



For a mean out- 
side tempera- 


Difference in 
mean temper- 
atures. 


Average pounds of coal 
used per cubic foot per 

day. 


Cost per room per month. 


Average 


ture of— 


In 12-room 
houses. 


In 10-room 
houses. 


In 12-room 
houses. 


In 10-room 
houses. 




°F. 
24. 17 . 


°F. 


0. 0084 
.00S3 
.0058 
.0057 


0.0106 
.0104 
.0083 
.0071 


S2.3S 
2.34 
1.63 
1.01 


$2. 98 
2.93 
2.34 
1.99 


S2.68 


29.90... 


5. 73 
4.10 
7.91 


2.64 


34.00 


1.99 


41.91 


1.80 






Means 


17.74 


.00705 


.0091 


1.99 


2.56 


2.28 



3. Referring to the results tabulated, it will be noted that the dif- 
ferences in cost generally increase in regular increments with the 
temperature; for instance, the increase in cost for a change of tem- 
perature from 24.17° to 29.90°, or a difference of 5.73°, is only 4 
cents. From 29.90° to 34°, or a difference of 4.1°, an increase in 
cost of 65 cents per standard room is obtained. From 34° to 41.91°, 
or a difference of 7.91°, a difference in cost of only 19 cents is 
obtained. 

4. These facts would seem to indicate, as was to be expected, that 
in passing from a temperature just above freezing to one below 
freezing necessarily causes the greatest increase in the amount of 
coal needed ; likewise, that the amount of fuel necessary for a decrease 
of temperature from a temperature below freezing to a lower tem- 
perature below freezing is not in direct proportion and is relatively 
small; that the decrease in the amount of fuel necessary for a tern- 



40 BEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

perature above freezing to a higher temperature above freezing is 
not in direct proportion to the increase of temperature, and is like- 
wise relatively small. 

FORT MYER, VA. 

1. The fuel tests at this post were conducted along similar lines 
to those outlined preceding for Washington Barracks. The details 
of the test are contained in the report of the engineer directly in 
charge of the tests at this post, attached hereto. 

2. In reviewmg the results of the tests conducted at this post atten- 
tion is invited to the fact that the weather conditions were exceedingly 
favorable for obtaining conclusive data upon which to base definite 
recommendations. The range of daily mean outside temperatures 
were from plus 11.9° F. on February 24 to 62° F. on March 25. It 
was also possible to divide the tests into four distinct periods, during 
which there was considerable variation in the outside temperature. 
In addition to the varied temperature conditions there was one 
period of excessively high wind — that of March 2, which showed a 
total wind movement of over 900 miles and a maximum wind velocity 
during this period of about 65 miles per hour. 

3. On the tabulation and charts herewith are shown the condensed 
records for the various buildings of the post. The data, with very 
few minor exceptions, is exceedingly consistent, and the results, even 
when reduced to the cost per cubic foot, lead to definite conclusions 
relative to the amount of fuel used for various purposes. During the 
tests at this post, as well as at Washington Barracks, no special at- 
tempt was made to economize or obtain test conditions, but actual 
conditions relative to coal consumption, bearing in mind the comfort 
of those involved, were considered. 

4. In the table following will be found the cost of heating a stand- 
ard room of 3,000 cubic feet with coal at $7 per ton, as determined 
from the actual tests at this post. The table gives in detail for the 
several outside temperatures the average pounds of coal used per 
cubic foot of heated space, the cost per room per month in houses 
varying from 4 to 11 rooms, and the mean average cost per room per 
month. 

5. This tabulation leads to the following conclusions: 

(a) That the cost of heating a standard room per month varies in 
accordance with the number of rooms contained in the building and 
the mean outside temperature, the heating apparatus in such build- 
ing being constant. 

(&) That it costs more to heat a standard room in a small house of 
4 or 5 rooms than it does to heat the same room in a larger house of 
10 or 11 rooms. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 41 

(c) That a drop of temperature from a temperature just above 
freezing to a temperature just below freezing gives the greatest varia- 
tion in coal consumption. 

(d) That the increase in cost of heating a standard room for a drop 
of temperature from some fixed temperature just below freezing to 
a still lower temperature below freezing, is relatively small within 
the temperature limits found at the time of the test. 

(e) That the change in cost of heating a standard room due to a 
change in temperature from some fixed temperature above freezing 
to a higher temperature above freezing, is also relatively small. 

6. In the table referred to, attention is invited to the fact that 
the six-room and four-room houses are noncommissioned officers' 
quarters, heated by stoves, and therefore can not be readily com- 
pared with the other sizes of houses given. These quarters are heated 
partly by the kitchen range and partly by separate stove installed in 
one of the lower rooms, no heating apparatus being used in the 
upstairs rooms. In these buildings, it will be noted, the cost per 
standard room is relatively low and is due undoubtedly to the fact 
that a large part of the heating of the lower floor is taken care of 
by the kitchen range. 

COST OF COOKING. 

1. The cost of cooking and heating water in officers' and non- 
commissioned officers' quarters has been tabulated and the results 
are given in the table herewith. Referring to that table, it will be 
noted that the cost of cooking and heating water is not in direct 
proportion to the number of rooms in the house, except in so far as 
the size of the house has a bearing on the number of people living 
therein. The cost per room per month, however, has been cal- 
culated. 

2- In view of the fact that part of the fuel used in the kitchen 

range is also used for heating the kitchen, it is found that the cost 

of heating varies with the outside temperature. The tabulation 

of the total amounts used for the two months, February and March, 

for which months a difference in mean outside temperature of 10.81° 

obtained, shows that the following percentage of increase in the 

amount of fuel used for a change of temperature of 10.81° would 

obtain : 

Fort Myer, Va. 

Per cent. 

Officers' quarters 33 

Noncommissioned officers' quarters 29 

Barracks and other buildings 21 

Washington Barracks, D. C. 

Per cent. 

Officers' quarters 2 

Noncommissioned officers' quarters 26 

Barracks and other buildings 18 



42 KEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

FORT SHERIDAN, ILL. 

1. The results obtained at Fort Sheridan, 111., are shown in the 
tabulation hereto appended. From the data submitted from this 
post it will be seen that the conclusions reached from the results 
obtained at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks apply equally 
to the results as shown from the data submitted from Fort Sheri- 
dan, and the quantities of fuel used, under like conditions, are prac- 
tically the same. 

2. The observations made on this test have been tabulated as 
far as practicable and are similar to the tabulations adopted for 
recording tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. A blue- 
print copy of such tabulation is attached hereto. 

3. Two additional graphic charts have been completed, which 
are hereto appended, showing a comparison of the proposed fuel 
allowances, based on charts and the actual fuel consumption during 
the test. It will be noted from these charts that the fuel consump- 
tion at Fort Sheridan was somewhat above the proposed allowances. 
It will also be noted that the actual consumption exceeds the allow- 
ances by the greatest amount during the mildest weather. This 
condition is also noted at the tests at Fort Myer and Washington 
Barracks. As it is desired to restrict the use of fuel during the 
mildest weather to a minimum, it is thought that the allowances, 
under these conditions, should not be increased. 

4. It is believed that a greater amount of coal was used at the test 
at Fort Sheridan than was actually necessary. Had the same super- 
vision been given to the test at this post as was given to the tests at 
the two posts in the vicinity of Washington, it is thought that the 
fuel consumption would have been materially less, as, in all prob- 
ability, the care and cleaning of boilers and adjusting boiler regu- 
lators at Fort Sheridan were not given the same consideration as at 
Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. 



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AMENDMENTS TO ARMY REGULATIONS NECESSARY TO CARRY 
INTO EFFECT THE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE IN THE PRE- 
CEDING REPORT RELATIVE TO THE ISSUE OF FUEL. 



Army Regulations, 1036, to be amended to read as follows: 

1036. Each officer or enlisted man entitled to and occupying public quarters will 
be furnished at the expense of the United States with the quantity of fuel necessary 
to properly heat the building to which assigned at a military post in accordance with 
fuel charts published in orders from time to time. This allowance will be calculated 
from the fuel charts monthly, and any excess of allowance appearing as overdrawn 
by an officer or enlisted man at the end of any month will be paid for at contract 
price. Where an officer or enlisted man is occupying quarters other than public, 
heated by a separate plant, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such officer or 
enlisted man for the fuel actually necessary for the number of rooms actually occu- 
pied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man 
entitles him as specified in A. R., 1044, and in no case exceeding the maximum 
allowances set forth in the following table for the zones of equal temperature in which 
serving, charts showing zones of equal temperature to be published in orders from 
time to time. 

51 



52 



REPORT OjST FUEL TESTS. 



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REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



53 



When an officer or enlisted man is occupying quarters other than public, not heated 
by a separate plant, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such officer or enlisted 
man for the fuel furnished for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceed- 
ing the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles him as set 
forth in A. R., 1044, at the rate given for the zone of equal temperature in which 
serving. 

Where an officer or enlisted man is on detached service in a foreign country and 
occupying quarters other than public, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such 
officer or enlisted man for the value of the fuel actually necessary for the number of 
rooms actually occupied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank of the 
officer or enlisted man entitles him as set forth in A. E,., 1044, and not exceeding the 
maximum allowances given for the zones of equal temperature established and 
published in orders from time to time. 

1041. An officer may draw from the Quartermaster Corps a reasonable quantity of 
fuel and kindling wood, which will be issued on the basis of its equivalent in oak 
wood and charged as part of the allowance provided on fuel charts for the building 
concerned. 

1044. The following table shows the number of rooms, and the allowance of cooking 
and heating stoves to be supplied for the use of officers and men in quarters and 
barracks : 



Rooms. 



As quar- 
ters. 



As office. 



For quarters. 



Heating 
stoves. 



Cooking 
stoves or 
ranges. 



For office. 



Heating 
stoves. 



Lieutenant general 

Major general or officer of higher rank occupying 9 
rooms as quarters 

Brigadier general or officer of higher rank occupying 
8 rooms as quarters 

Colonel or officer of higher rank occupying 7 rooms as 
quarters 

Lieutenant colonel or officer of higher rank occupying 
6 rooms as quarters 

Major or officer of higher rank occupying 5 rooms as 
quarters 

Captain or officer of higher rank occupying 4 rooms as 
quarters 

First lieutenant or officer of higher rank occupying 3 
rooms as quarters 

Second lieutenant or officer of higher rank occupying 
2 rooms as quarters 

Officer of any rank occupying 1 room as quarters 

The Chief of Staff of the Army 

The commanding general of a department, brigade, 
or district 

An assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Army, the 
aids to the commanding general of a department, 
brigade, or district, and the general staff officers 
serving thereat 

A colonel or lieutenant colonel, Quartermaster Corps; 
a colonel, Medical Department; and the depart- 
ment quartermaster at the headquarters of a terri- 
torial department, each 

The commanding officer of a regiment, post, or bat- 
talion of Engineers or Field Artillery, quarter- 
master and adjutant, each 

An adjutant general, an inspector general, an acting 
nspector general, an engineer, 1 an ordnance officer, 1 
a signal officer, a judge advocate or an acting judge 
advocate, and the senior medical officer, when sta- 
tioned on duty at any place not in the field, 1 each.. 

Noncommissioned officers above grade number 16, 
paragraph 9, principal musicians, chief trumpeters, 
and firemen, Coast Artillery Corps, each 

Noncommissioned officers below grade 15, paragraph 
9 ; and privates, when on detached service or as- 
signed to special duty of such a nature as to neces- 
sitate the hiring or leasing of quarters, each 

Superintendent national cemetery 



54 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



Each noncommissioned officer, musician, private, 
and hospital matron 

Each necessary fire for the sick in hospital, each dis- 
pensary and hospital mess room at a military post 
or station, to be regulated by the surgeon and com- 
manding officer, not exceeding 

For general hospitals, when necessary, not exceed- 
ing for each bed 

Each guard fire, to be regulated by the commanding 
officer, not exceeding 

Each necessary fire for military courts or boards, at a 
rate not exceeding 

Storehouse of a quartermaster, when necessary, not 
exceeding, for each 

Each employee of the Quartermaster Corps or Med- 
ical Department to whom subsistence in kind is 
issued by the Government 

For library, reading room, schoolroom, chapel, and 
gymnasium, 1 heating stove for each, and when the 
garrison exceeds 153 enlisted men, 2 heating stoves, 
and such quantity of fuel for the same as may be 
certified to as necessary by the officers in charge 
and approved by the commanding officer 

For a company: 2 large stoves hi dormitory, 1 large 
stove in each mess room and day room, 1 small 
stove for each of the two rooms for noncommis- 
sioned officers, 1 small stove for the library, and 1 
cooking stove or range sufficient to cook its food . . . 

Each hospital kitchen 

For each authorized room as quarters for civilian 
employees 

For each 6 civilian employees to whom fuel is allowed. 

For mess of civilian employees 

For telegraph office 

For each blacksmith, carpenter, and saddler shop. . . 

For a bakery and post exchange such quantity of 
. fuel for the same as may be certified to as neces- 
sary by the officers in charge and approved by the 
commanding officer 



Rooms. 



As quar- 
ters. 



As office. 



For quarters. 



I Icatinir 
stoves. 



Cooking 
stoves or 
ranges. 



For office. 



Heating 
stoves. 



1 Except at Military Academy. 



1. The allowance of fuel for heating, cooking, and heating water in barracks and 
quarters at military posts will be determined in accordance with fuel charts and table 
of allowances published in orders from time to time. 

1049. To be rescinded. 
1006 To be rescinded 



DRAFT OF PROPOSED GENERAL ORDER RELATIVE TO THE 
ISSUE OF FUEL AT MILITARY POSTS. 



In accordance with paragraph 1044, Army ^Regulations, 1913 
(amended), the following instructions relative to the issue of fuel at 
military posts will be carried out: 

1. The post quartermaster will keep a definite and accurate 
account of the amount of fuel of all kinds that is received and issued 
to the several buildings at a military post. With a view to assisting 
the post authorities in the receiving, issuing, and supervising the use 
of fuel at army posts, a noncommissioned officer of suitable grade, 
Quartermaster Corps, will be designated, whose duties will be to 
receive and supervise the issue and use of fuel in all buildings at the 
post, under the supervision of the Quartermaster. 

2. There will be assigned to each public building or group of build- 
ings a competent enlisted man for the purpose of handling the heating 
apparatus installed in that building or group of buildings. In the 
case of company or detachment barracks, a company fireman will be 
detailed and will be required to keep a daily record of the amount 
of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in such building. 
The enlisted man so assigned, in charge of the heating apparatus, 
will be changed as infrequently as possible, and should be selected 
because of his trustworthiness and special fitness for the work. 
Organization commanders and officers responsible for buildings will 
be required to make at the time of then regular inspections prescribed 
in existing regulations, an inspection of the heating apparatus 
installed in such buildings, and in the case of company or detachment 
barracks, some responsible noncommissioned officer of the organiza- 
tion will be required to supervise daily the matter of proper and eco- 
nomical use of fuel, the daily removal of ashes from ash pits, and the 
cleaning of flues. 

3. Greater interest and economy in the use of fuel will be obtained 
in requiring the company firemen to keep a daily record of the amount 
of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in each building, 
if company and other commanders at the time of their periodical 
inspections will inquire relative to the amount of fuel used. 

4. An accurate and definite account of the amount of fuel of all 
kinds issued to a building will be kept by the noncommissioned 
officer, Quartermaster Corps, detailed at each post to assist the post 
authorities in this matter. A receipt will be given the post quarter- 

55 



56 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

master for all fuel issued to any building by the responsible officer or 
enlisted man. This account will be checked frequently and the 
instant any building appears to have drawn more fuel than allowed 
by the fuel charts provided in this order for the proper and economical 
firing of the boilers in such building, a report will be made to the post 
commander, with a view to having the matter investigated and defi- 
nitely determining the reason for such apparent excessive use of fuel. 

5. The noncommissioned officer, Quartermaster Corps, designated 
to supervise the use of fuel at military posts, will be required to make 
periodical (daily, if possible) inspections of heating plants and other 
apparatus for which fuel is issued at a military post, to see that they 
are properly fired and that the instructions relative to their use are 
being complied with. 

6. For the firing of heating boilers in officers' quarters and messes 
at a military post, there will be assigned a sufficient number of enlisted 
men to properly care for such heating apparatus. This detachment 
will be in charge of a noncommissioned officer of suitable rank, who 
will be responsible for the proper use of fuel in such buildings. 

7. The issue of fuel at military posts and stations will be based — 
First. Upon the area in square feet of grate on which the fuel is 

burned. 

Second. The average outside temperature during the time such 
fuel is burned. 

Third. On a factor which takes into account the human element, 
or those charged with the operation of such apparatus. 

8. There are appended hereto, as part of this order, two sets of 
charts — the first set being a tabulation of temperatures from which a 
mean temperature for each post has been determined; the second 
are coal-consumption charts which have been prepared for various 
minimum temperatures from plus 40° to minus 40°, at 10° intervals, 
and the allowable rate of combustion at any intermediate (average 
temperature) between 70° and the minimum on any chart is directly 
interpolated. These charts show the allowable coal consumption 
per square foot of grate area at the several posts for steam and hot- 
water boilers. 

9. The two sets of charts above referred to will be used to determine 
the amount of coal allowed for any building. To illustrate this 
method, the following example is given: 

Referring to Chart No. 5, on which chart appears, among other 
posts, Fort Myer, Va., assuming the building in question to be 
equipped with a Century boiler of 2,200 feet capacity, with 10£ 
square feet of grate area, the allowance of coal for the month of 
January would be determined as follows: 

Referring to temperature table, it will be seen that the average 
temperature for the month of January is 35°. Interpolating on the 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



57 



coal charts at 35°, it will be found that 3 pounds of coal per square 
foot of grate area is the proper amount to be used for the boiler in 
question. The total allowance for the month would then be deter- 
mined as follows: 

3poundsX24 hoursX31 daysXl0.5 square feet ,. ,_ _, „ , 

— 9 24Q -pounds ■=10.45 tons for the month of January. 

10. The above calculations are based on the assumption that the 
standard coal of 1,800 pounds equivalent per cord of oak wood is 
used. This may not be the case at other posts, and if the coal has a 
different fuel equivalent it will be necessary to apply a correction for 
this difference of equivalents. The manner of making this correction 
is as follows : 

It was previously found that 10.45 tons of coal having an equiva- 
lent of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood was the proper allowance 
for the month of January. Assuming that the coal used instead of 
having an equivalent of 1,800 pounds had an equivalent of 1,675 
pounds, the correct allowance would then be: 



1675 
1800 



X10.45=9.67 tons 



as the correct allowance for the month of January. 

11. It will readily be seen that for each building in question the 
post quartermaster would work out the allowance for each month 
and tabulate it for ready reference. Should the amount of coal issued 
and used in any building be exceeded at any time during the period 
in question, it would clearly indicate that those hi charge of the heat- 
ing apparatus are not obtaining the best results in the use of such 
apparatus, and that the fuel in question is not being economically 
used. 

12. The allowances for Tabasco hot-water heaters or heaters of 
equal capacity can be determined from the fuel charts in a similar 
manner. The allowances for the following Tabasco hot-water heaters 
in the service have been determined and wall apply. 



Grate areas square feet. . 

Coal allowance pounds per month.. 



Heater. 



No. 150, 
17 and 18. 



1 0. 7854 
3,000 



No. 200, 
21 and 22. 



No. 300, 25, 
26, and 27. 



0. 7S55-1. 40 
4,000 



1. 41-2. 18 
7,000 



No. 500, 30. 



2. 19-3. 40 
9,000 



1 And less. 



These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and 
good coking bituminous coals are used. Should any other coals be 
used, corrections of the amounts above indicated should be made in 
accordance with the method outlined in the tenth paragraph above. 



58 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

13. The allowances of fuel for cooking and heating water in barracks 
and other buildings at military posts and for the several types of 
ranges used will be as follows : 

Army ranges: 

Nos. 1, 2, 6 (old), 3, 3a, not exceeding 2,500 pounds per month. 
Nos. 4a (old), 5 single, 4,500 pounds per month. 
Nos. 4 (old), and 5 double, 6,000 pounds per month. 

These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and 
good coking bituminous coals are used. For any other type of fuel, 
the formula given in paragraph 10 above should be used to determine 
the correct amount needed. 

14. The issue of fuel in kind will only be made at military posts 
and stations. 

' 15. In accordance with the provisions of Army Regulations, 1036, 
the following charts showing zones of equal temperature are appended 
hereto and made part of this order. 

16. In accordance with the provisions of Army Regulations, 1036, 
in so far as that paragraph relates to the reimbursement of officers 
and enlisted men on detached service in foreign cities and occupying 
quarters other than public, allowances for the zones of equal tem- 
perature established and previously referred to will be as follows: 

Mexico City, Mexico: Zone No. 

December, January, February 3 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 13 

Berne, Switzerland: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Stockholm, Sweden: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 9 

June, July, August, September 12 

Berlin, Germany: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Constantinople, Turkey: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 13 

Vienna, Austria: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 59 

Peking, China: • Zone No. 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Brussels, Belgium: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

London, England: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 6 

April, May, October _ 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

St. Petersburg, Russia: 

December, January, February 1 

March, November 5 

April, May, October 9 

June, July, August, September 12 

Santiago de Cuba: For the year round 13 

Tokyo, Japan: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Paris, France: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Quito, Ecuador: 

December, January, February 3 

March, November 8 

April, May, October 11 

June, July, August, September 13 

Madrid, Spain: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 7 

April, May, October 10 

June, July, August, September 12 

Rome, Italy: 

December, January, February 2 

March, November 6 

April, May, October 11 

June, July, August, September 13 

Monrovia, Liberia: For the year round 13 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: For the year round : 13 

Lima, Peru : For the year round .' 13 



60 



EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 



Posts 



Adams, K. I 

Alcatraz, Cal 

Allegheny, Pa- 

Andrews, Mass 

Apache, Ariz 

Armistead, Md 

Assinniboine, Mont 

Augusta, Ga 

Baker, Cal 

Banks, Mass 

Barrancas, Fla 

Bayard, N. Mex 

Behicia, Cal 

Bliss, Tex 

Boise, Idaho 

Brady, Midi 

Brown, Tex 

Ben Harrison, Ind 

Carroll, Md 

Casev, Wash 

Caswell, N. C 

Clark, Tex 

Columbia, Wash 

Columbus, Ohio 

Constitution, N. H 

Crook, Nebr 

Crockett, Tex 

Dade, Fla 

D. A. Russell, Wyo 

Davis, Alaska 

Des Moines, Iowa 

De Soto, Fla 

Douglas, Utah 

Duchense, Utah 

Du Pont Del 

Egbert, Alaska 

Ethan Allen, Vt 

Flagler, Wash 

Foster, N. II 

Frankford, Pa 

Fremont, S. C 

Gibbons, Alaska 

Grant, Ariz 

Greble, R. I .- 

Hamilton, N. Y 

Hancock, N.J 

Harrison, Mont 

Heath , Mass 

H. G. Wright, N. Y 

Hot Springs, Ark 

Howard , Md 

Huachuca, Ariz 

Hunt, Va 

Jackson Barracks, La 

Jay,N. Y 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. . 

Jefferson ville Depot 

Keogh, Mont 

Key West Barracks, Fla. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Me... 

Lawton, Wash 

Leavenworth, Kans 

Levett, Me 

Lincoln, N. Dak 

Liscurn, Alaska 

Logan H. Roots, Ark 

Logan, Colo 

Mackenzie, Wyo 

Madison Barracks, N, Y. 

Mansfield , R . I 

Mason, Cal 

McDowell, Cal 

McIIenry, Md 

Mcintosh, Tex 

McK inley, Me '... 

McPherson, Ga 

McTtee, Fla 

Meade, s. Dak 

Michie. V Y 

Milev.Cal 

Missoula, Mont 



Sept. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Feb. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 



61 



Posts. 



1899 


1900 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


71 


63 


52 


42 


42 


40 


45 


56 


76 


69 


61 


51 


49 


51 


58 


66 


66 


58 


45 


37 


34 


32 


38 


53 


76 


68 


61 


51 


49 


49 


56 


65 


65 


58 


45 


36 


35 


33 


38 


54 


65 


58 


45 


36 


33 


31 


35 


51 


60 


55 


42 


31 


27 


23 


25 


43 


63 


49 


41 


20 


30 


20 


33 


50 


70 


63 


53 


40 


40 


39 


48 


61 


66 


59 


46 


25 


29 


17 


36 


55 


59 


53 


40 


30 


25 


23 


24 


43 


77 


70 


62 


53 


51 


52 


59 


66 


62 


50 


36 


27 


19 


18 


22 


44 


60 


55 


42 


31 


27 


23 


25 


43 


57 


50 


37 


32 


23 


23 


28 


45 


62 


60 


55 


52 


52 


53 


55 


55 


58 


59 


56 


49 


50 


53 


55 


54 


73 


65 


52 


36 


39 


38 


50 


60 


62 


54 


42 


36 


30 


29 


34 


48 


70 


64 


51 


30 


27 


20 


38 


51 


76 


68 


54 


40 


45 


42 


54 


59 


60 


43 


42 


26 


33 


21 


34 


47 


63 


58 


44 


26 


28 


17 


29 


50 


61 


55 


43 


35 


32 


30 


34 


47 


65 


62 


60 


58 


57 


57 


59 


56 


78 


72 


61 


53 


53 


54 


61 


67 


78 


72 


61 


53 


53 


54 


61 


67 


64 


56 


45 


36 


32 


31 


36 


49 


65 


58 


45 


36 


32 


31 


35 


51 


76 


68 


61 


50 


49 


50 


57 


67 


75 


60 


54 


43 


46 


49 


57 


55 


.62 


58 


44 


27 


28 


20 


29 


46 


76 


69 


55 


10 


42 


38 


52 


62 


65 


58 


45 


36 


32 


31 


35 


51 


67 


58 


47 


37 


36 


33 


38 


55 


59 


52 


40 


21 


21 


8 


25 


52 


61 


53 


40 


32 


28 


27 


31 


47 


58 


50 


37 


31 


23 


23 


28 


43 


62 


54 


42 


36 


30 


29 


34 


48 


60 


53 


52 


45 


11 


42 


48 


49 


43 


30 


21 


11 


- 6 


16 


10 


17 


77 


71 


63 


54 


52 


53 


61 


68 


62 


54 


42 


36 


30 


29 


34 


48 


76 


68 


61 


51 


49 


49 


56 


65 


61 


56 


43 


35 


29 


26 


34 


49 


68 


60 


48 


33 


35 


29 


38 


54 


65 


58 


45 


36 


32 


31 


35 


51 


61 


56 


43 


35 


29 


26 


34 


49 


61 


50 


51 


42 


42 


41 


51 


51 


65 


58 


45 


36 


33 


31 


35 


51 


67 


51 


49 


37 


41 


37 


51 


52 


61 


51 


51 


44 


43 


42 


49 


51 


62 


54 


42 


36 


30 


29 


34 


48 


58 


41 


37 


19 


28 


18 


37 


42 


65 


58 


45 


36 


35 


33 


38 


54 


65 


58 


45 


36 


35 


33 


38 


54 


62 


51 


42 


36 


30 


29 


34 


48 


61 


53 


39 


32 


26 


25 


27 


48 


59 


56 


42 


28 


28 


21 


26 


48 


60 


51 


38 


31 


27 


25 


30 


46 


61 


52 


41 


34 


29 


29 


33 


46 


69 


52 


45 


39 


40 


40 


48 


45 


51 


35 


23 


18 


23 


29 


35 


35 


57 


50 


37 


32 


23 


23 


38 


45 


66 


51 


42 


36 


27 


37 


44 


42 


65 


58 


45 


36 


33 


31 


35 


51 


58 


50 


51 


44 


43 


42 


48 


50 


62 


46 


45 


33 


35 


31 


45 


51 


54 


37 


35 


18 


22 


15 


34 


42 


54 


37 


35 


18 


22 


15 


34 


'42 



Mean. 



Monroe, Va 

Morgan . Ala 

Mott, N.J 

Moultrie, S. C 

My er, Va 

New York Arsenal, N. Y 

Niaeara, N. Y 

Niobrara, Nebr 

Oglethorpe, Oa 

Omaha, Nebr 

Ontario, N. Y 

Pickens, Fla 

Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y . 

Porter, N. 'Y 

Preble, Me 

Presidio Monterey, Cal 

Presidio San Francisco, Cal. . 

Reno, Okla 

Revere, Mass 

Riley, Kans 

Ringgold, Tex 

Robinson, Nebr 

Rock Island Arsenal, 111 

Rodman, Mass 

Rosecrans, Cal 

Sam Houston, Tex 

San Antonio, Tex 

Sandy Hook, N. J 

Schuyler, N.Y 

Screven, Ga 

Sequoia Nal ional Park 

Sheridan, 111 

Sill, Okla 

Slocum, N. Y 

Smallwood, Md 

Snelling, Minn 

Springfield . Mass 

Stark, N. H 

Standish, Mass 

Stevens, Oreg 

St. Michael, Alaska 

St. Philip, La 

Strong, Mass 

Sumter, S. C 

Terry,N. Y 

Thomas, Kv 

Totten.N. Y 

Trumbull, Conn 

United States Powder Depot, 

N.J 

Vancouver Barracks, Wash.. 

Wadsworth, N. Y 

Walla Walla, Wash 

Ward, Wash 

Warren, Mass 

Washakie, Wyo 

Washington Barracks, D. C . 

Washington, Md 

Watertown Arsenal, Mass. . . 

Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y 

Wayne, Mich 

West Point. N. Y 

Wetherill, R. I 

Whipple Barracks, Ariz. 

W. H. Seward, Alaska 

Williams, Me 

Wingate, N. Mex 

Wood, N.Y 

Worden, Wash 

Wright, Wash 

Yosemite National Park 

Yellowstone, Wyo 



48 
44 
48 
49 
.42 
35 
45 
45 
42 
39 
38 
38 
40 
47 
31 
38 
43 
44 
48 
43 
32 
32 



62 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



Mean minimum temperatures. 
[U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau.] 



Stations. 





>, 










h 


03 










C3 

s 

s 


S 




ft 


03 


a* 




pq 


% 


< 


a 


>"= 


59 


58 


58 


60 


63 


66 


62 


61 


61 


62 


65 


66 


65 


65 


66 


67 


70 


72 


70 


70 


70 


72 


73 


74 


59 


59 


59 


61 


61 


63 


65 


66 


66 


67 


69 


70 


-25 


-16 


— 7 


10 


31 


45 


-29 


-20 


- 4 


12 


32 


46 


- 6 


- 4 


- 5 


8 


29 


3,8 


— 5 


- 1 





9 


25 


38 







• 












a 

<D 

ft 


— 
o 


B 

> 

o 


S 
8 


02 


O 


fc 


A 


65 


63 


62 


60 


68 


68 


68 


64 


72 


70 


69 


66 


75 


74 


73 


71 


65 


63 


62 


61 


72 


72 


69 


66 


30 


14 


-10 


-20 


30 


15 


- 6 


-20 


36 


24 


10 





39 


28 


12 


- 1 



Porto Rico: 

Cayey (1908-1913) 

Mavaguez ( 1908-1913) 

Ponce ( 1908-1913) 

San Juan (1899-1910) 

Hawaii: 

Schofield Barracks (1909-1913) 

Honolulu 

Alaska: 

Tanana (Fort Gibbon) 

Eagle ( Fort Egbert) 

Nome (Fort Davis) 

St. Michael (Fort St. Michael) 



65 


66 


66 


68 


72 


72 


75 


75 


64 


65 


72 


73 


48 


40 


48 


43 


44 


45 


48 


47 



62 

' 65 

69 

73 

62 
69 

12 
12 
18 
20 



Remarks. — Elevations: Cavey, 1,350 feet above sea level; Mavaguez, 80; Ponce, 80; San Juan, 50; Scho- 
field Barracks, 990; Honolulu, 111; Tanana, 200; Eagle, 573; St." Michael, about 30 feet. 

Comparison of daily allowance of fuel. 
[Based on proposed new chart allowances and on Army Regulations.] 



1 roposed allowance. 



Cooking. 



Total. 



-Allowance from Army 
Regulations. 



Heating. 



Cooking. 



Total. 



—20° temperature allowance chart for certain 
posts north of 43° north latitude: 

Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

Lieutenant 

Noncommissioned ollicer 

Barrack 

±0° temperature allowance chart for certain 
posts between 36° and 43° north latitude: 

Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

Lieutenant 

Noncommissioned ollicer 

Barrack 

+20° temperature allowance chart, for certain 
posts south of 36° north latitude: 

Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

Lieutenant 

Noncommissioned officer 

Barrack 



226 
185 
159 
136 
90 



185 
159 
136 
114 

75 
632 



97 
83 

70 

70 

40 

357 



150 

85 
85 
85 
75 



150 
85 
85 
85 
75 



150 
85 
85 
85 
75 



376 
270 
244 
221 
165 



335 
244 
221 
199 
150 



247 
168 
155 
155 
115 



293 
217 
180 
170 

47 
1,277 



269 
198 
160 
156 
43 
933 



198 
142 
113 
113 
29 
533 



378 
302 
265 
227 
75 



354 
283 
245 
213 
71 



283 
227 
198 
170 
57 



Figures on table are pounds of coal per day. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



63 



Areas of heating boiler grates. 

CENTURY AND IDEAL. 

[Kewanee Boiler Co. and American Radiator Co.] 





Capacity in radiation, 
square feet. 


Grate area 
in square 




Steam. 


Water. 


feet. 


No. 12 


1,200 
1,500 
1,800 
2,200 
2,600 
3,000 
3,600 
4,500 


2,000 
2,500 
3,000 
3,600 
4,300 
5,000 
6,000 
7,500 




No. 15 




No. 18 




No. 22 


10 50 


No.26. 


12 25 


No. 30 


14 00 


No. 36 


15 75 


No. 45 


17 50 







DUNNING. 

[New York Central Iron Works.) 

[This table will also apply to vertical Kewanee steel and small cast-iron boilers.] 



Capacity in radiation, 
square feet. 



Steam. 



Water. 



Grate area 

in square 

feet. 



No. 1.', 
No. 2. 
No. 2', 
No. 3" 
No. 3| 
No. 4. 
No. 4.1 
No. b. 
No. 5i 
No. 5? 
No. 6. 



400 

500 

600 

800 

1,000 

1,200 

1,400 

1,600 

2,000 

2,500 

3,000 



650 
S25 
1,000 
1,325 
1,650 
2,000 
2,325 
2,650 
3,300 
4,125 
4,950 



2.64 
3.14 
3.69 
4.27 
5.25 
6.67 
7.90 
8.72 
S.72 
10.55 
12.55 



64 



KEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




/ z 3 4 & 

Fbunds of coal per s^. ft of grate perhr. 
2.4- hours to constitute a day. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



65 




Pounds ofcoa/ per so. ft of a rate, per fir? 
Twenty four hours to constitute a.day 



53096°— 14 5 



66 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




Pounds of coal per sa. ft of grate perhr. 
Twenty four hours to constitute, a day. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



67 




Pounds of Coal per sq. ft: of grate per hr. 
Twenty four hours to constitute a day. 



68 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




~ 2 5" 4- 

Pounds of coaf pet sf. ff. afyrafeper 

T\n/^rifyr {our hours to consti'tu/e acf&y. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



69 




' i 5fe.atrr:zr)* f ater .Bailers) 



■ny ArshV^SSL. 

^&nfJ i tar^/sdtn/rid.u . 



7X 



rf. JucKinieyJle:. 
rf. ' Niagara jSiXn. 

FtPrsbleJvfer- 




/ Z 3 4 5 

Pounds of coal per sq.ft. of grate perhr 
Twenty four hours fo constitute a day 



70 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




I Z 3 4 5 

Pounds of coal per Sf. ft. of cjrate per hr- 
Twenty four hours to constitute acta/. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



71 




■ I 2. 3 

^ounds of coal per so. ft of g rate per hr. 
Twenty four hours fo constitute a day. 



72 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




/ 2 3 <F " S 

Pounds of coat per $q. ff. of jratc per hr 

TV/enty four hours fo constifufc ac/ay. 



INSTRUCTIONS, FORMS, AND DATA SHEETS ISSUED DURING 
FUEL TESTS AT FORT MYER, VA., WASHINGTON BAR- 
RACKS, D. C, AND FORT SHERIDAN, ILL., FEBRUARY 13 TO 
MARCH 25, 1914. 



Important. Important. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

1. Hot-air furnace systems. — The essential features of the hot-air furnace system 
are: First, a furnace for heating the air; second, a cold-air supply duct or system of 
ducts for conveying fresh cold ah - to the furnace; and, third, a system of ducts, risers, 
and registers for conveying the heated air from the furnace to the rooms to be heated. 

2. Hot-air furnaces are either incased in sheet metal or in brick walls. In the 
former case the furnace is called a portable furnace ; in the latter case a brick set furnace. 
In either case the principle of operation is the same, the steel or brick casing serving 
to prevent undue radiation of heat from the heated surfaces of the furnace to surround- 
ing objects, and to bring the cold air into close contact with the heated surfaces of the 
furnace. 

3. After the air becomes heated it rises to the upper part of the casing, or of the 
brick setting, where it enters the various hot-air ducts and is conveyed therein to the 
different rooms to be heated. 

4. The furnace proper is of sheet steel or cast iron and consists of a base containing 
ash pit, grates on which the fuel is burned, a fire pot to contain the fuel, a combustion 
chamber above the fire pot to provide ample space for the combustion of the gaseous 
portions of the fuel, and a radiator through which the hot smoke and gases must pass 
before they are allowed to pass out through the smoke pipe to the chimney. 

5. The circulation of air through the ducts and risers of a hot-air furnace system is 
due to the fact that after the air has passed over the furnace and becomes heated it 
expands and becomes lighter than the same volume of cold ah. Thus the compara- 
tively heavy cold ah enters the furnace by way of the cold-air inlet, forcing the lightea 
and hotter air upward through the heated space between the furnace and the casing 
and into the hot-air ducts leading to the different rooms. 

RULES FOR OPERATING FURNACES. 

6. In severe weather keep the fire pot fairly well filled with coal and have it evenly 
distributed over the grate. The fire will need attention oftener in severe weather than 
in mild weather, however, and no attempt should be made to avoid this by heaping 
an undue amount of coal into the furnace at one firing. If the fire is too deep, it is 
likely to be extremely wasteful. 

7. In milder weather a somewhat lighter fire should be carried, and combustion 
should be checked by partially closing damper in smoke pipe and by partially opening 
fire door if necessary. Do not allow fire pot to fill up with ashes in mild weather, but 
reduce the fire by regulating the draft. 

8. Always keep the fire clean. Clinkers should be removed from fire once or twice 
daily as necessary. It is not necessary to stir the fire so completely as to waste coal 
through the grate. 

73 



74 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 

9. When replenishing a poor fire, do not shake the fire, but put some coal on and 
open the drafts. After the fresh coal is well ignited, clean the fire. 

10. The ash pit must be frequently cleaned. An accumulation of ashes below the grate 
soon warps the grate and burns it out. 

11. If furnace is provided with water pans, keep them full of water. 

12. Clean the furnace and smoke pipe thoroughly in all parts at least twice a year. 

13. Keep the fresh-air duct clean and free from rubbish. 

14. Allow plenty of pure, fresh air to enter the furnace at all times except in extreme 
cold weather, when the fresh-air supply may be cut down to some extent. 

15. To bank the fires for the night, clean the fire, push the coals near the rear of the 
grate, cover with fresh fuel to the necessary depth (this will be found by experience), 
set the drafts so that they are all nearly closed and partially open the fire door. 

16. Low-pressure steam-heating systems. — The essential features of the low- 
pressure gravity return steam heating system are : First, a boiler for heating water and 
evaporating it into steam; second, a system of piping for conveying the steam to and 
the water of condensation from the radiators; and, third, radiators which are placed 
in the rooms to be heated and in which steam is condensed, thereby giving off heat. 

17. There are many makes and styles of steam heating boilers, most of which may 
be classed with one of the two general types following: First, portable steel boilers; 
and, second, cast-iron sectional boilers. While these two types are of entirely different 
construction, the essential features of each are much the same. Each contains a water 
space through which the water passes while being heated, and in which the water is 
brought into contact with those portions of the boiler which receive heat from the fire 
or from the hot gases arising therefrom. Directly above the water is the steam space, 
into which steam passes as it is evaporated and before it passes to the main steam pipes. 

18. In connection with every steam boiler is a furnace with ash pit, grates, fire pot, 
combustion chamber, and in which the fuel is burned. In all cast-iron heating boilers 
and in portable steel boilers of such type as the Dunning elongate or theKewanee port- 
able the fire pot and combustion chamber are contained in the boiler itself. In certain 
types of portable steel boilers, such as the Century or Ideal, the fire pot and combustion 
chamber are outside of the boiler proper and are connected with it by a brick-lined 
metal casing. 

19. The circulation of steam in the pipes and radiators of a low-pressure gravity 
return steam-heating system is due to the fact that as steam condenses in the radiators 
the pressure is slightly lowered, thus inducing the flow of more steam from the boiler to 
take its place. The condensed steam or water of condensation, being many times 
heavier than the steam, is drained back by gravity through suitable pipes to the boiler, 
where it is again heated and evaporated and again passed into the piping system as 
steam. 

20. In the foregoing paragraph the circulation of steam has been explained, assuming 
that the whole system — steam space of boiler, steam pipes, and radiators — is filled with 
steam at the start, and this is the action which does take place when the whole system 
has once become hot. 

21. In starting up a cold system, however, an entirely different condition is met with 
and it is important that this be thoroughly understood. In starting up a cold system the 
whole of the system above the water line of the boiler is filled with air and until this 
air can be gotten rid of the steam can not circulate and the radiators can not be heated. 
For the purpose of venting this air, valves are place on all radiators and on long runs 
of steam pipes. These are called ' 'air valves' ' and are of such construction that they 
will allow air to pass through them freely but will close against the passage of steam 
or water. Many types of air valves are in general use, but to be successful in operation 
they must all meet the above requirements. 

22. From the above it is evident that the proper operation of air valves is of great 
importance. And in the case of failure to heat a room properly the trouble is often 
due to faulty operation of the air valves on radiators in that room, and in a case of this 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 75 

kind the radiators in the room in question should be examined to see that they are 
steam hot all over. In case they are not and there is pressure in the system the fault is 
almost invariably with the air valves. Some air valves permit of adjustment by remov- 
ing a cap at the top of the air valve and slightly opening or closing valve by means of 
a key or screw driver. The following rules should be observed in making any adjust- 
ment to air valves. Never attempt to adjust them except when there is at least one pound 
steam pressure on the system. Then if radiator does not heat properly remove cap from 
air valve and slack off screw or nut at top of valve until air blows through freely . Allow 
this action to continue until radiator is hot throughout and steam appears at air valve. 
Then tighten valve just enough to stop all leakage of steam and replace cap. Do not re- 
move air valve from radiator. If valve leaks steam or water, tighten just enough to stop leak. 

RULES FOR OPERATING STEAM HEATING BOILERS. 

23. Steam heating boilers should receive attention at least three times a day, and 
in severe weather will require attention more frequently. 

24. In the morning, fires should be cleaned, a fresh supply of coal put on fire and 
drafts adjusted. (See par. 33.) In the afternoon it will generally be necessary to 
supply more fuel and shake down the fire, care being taken not to let live or unburned 
coal pass through the grate. At night the fire must be cleaned and banked (see par. 15) 
and drafts closed. 

25. The proper thickness of fire will in general vary from 4 inches to a foot. It 
varies according to the kind of coal used and the draft available, and must be deter- 
mined by experience for any particular case. Fire must not be so thick as to obstruct 
the draft or to allow gases to pass off unburned, and must not be so thin as to allow 
cold air to leak through. (See also pars. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 15, under " Rules for oper- 
ating hot-air furnaces.") 

26. Before firing up in the morning examine the water gauge and test the try cocks to see 
that there is sufficient water in the boiler. Water should show just above the middle 
point of gauge glass or just above middle try cock if three cocks are installed on 
water column. "When cocks are opened, upper cock should blow steam; middle cock 
steam and water; and the lower cock should blow water only. When try cocks are 
tested, be sure to close them tightly. See if the pressure gauge stands at zero. Slightly 
open safety valve by hand at least once a week to see that it does not become stuck. 

27. All steam boilers should be provided with a fusible plug which will melt in case 
of low water in boiler, blowing steam, and thus giving warning of low water and some- 
times preventing further damage to the system. If gauge glass and try cocks show 
low water in the boiler, however, do not wait for plug to blow and do not assume that 
because it has not blown it will be safe to feed water to boiler, but follow instructions 
given in paragraph 31 at once. If plug does blow out, replace it with another fusible 
plug and in no circumstances with a solid plug. 

28. In starting a fire under a cold boiler do not force it, but allow boiler to warm up 
gradually. Failure to observe this rule may result in serious injury to boiler. 

29. Hard coal may be thrown evenly over the fire. Soft coal should at first be 
banked in front on the grate, until the gases are driven off. It should then be pushed 
back over the fire. 

30. Keep boiler tubes and flues and smoke pipe clean and free from soot. Boilers burn- 
ing soft coal should be cleaned at least once a week. 

31. In case of low water in a steam boiler cover the fire with wet ashes or coal and close 
all drafts and open fire or fuel door. Do not open the safety valve. Do not feed water to 
the boiler. Do not draw the fire. Keep the conditions such as to avoid any sudden 
shock. After the steam pressure has dropped, draw the fire. Do not feed water to the 
boiler until it isf airly cool. 

32. When heating system is shut down in the spring draiv all water from system and 
make necessary repairs. Fill boiler with fresh water till it appears at safety valve and 



76 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

leave it full through the summer. In the fall draw all water out of boiler, fill with fresh 
water to level of water line and fire up gradually. 

33. See that damper regulator is working properly and that chains connecting draft 
door in ash pit and draft check in smoke pipe are properly connected to damper regu- 
lator. With the steam gauge showing 2 pounds pressure on the boiler both the draft 
door and draft check should be closed and connecting chains should be taut. Then 
if pressure rises the draft check will be opened, admitting cold air to the smoke pipe 
and thereby checking the fire; or if pressure drops, the draft door will be opened, 
admitting more air to the ash pit and thereby increasing the combustion. After 
chains are properly adjusted, do not disconnect them, but make necessary adjust- 
ments by moving weight on lever. Thus at night when fires are banked and it is not 
desired to carry any pressure on boiler move weight to such a point as will prevent 
draft door in ash pit from opening when pressure drops to zero. A mark should be 
placed on lever arm to indicate proper position of weight to maintain a pressure of 2 
pounds, so that it may be readily adjusted when firing up in the morning. 

34. The essential features of the low-temperature gravity return hot-water heating 
system are: First, a boiler for heating water; second, a system of piping for conveying 
the hot water to the radiators and the cooled water back to the boiler; third, radiators, 
which are placed in the rooms to be heated and in which water is cooled, giving off its 
heat to the room; and fourth, an expansion tank, which is a tank open to the atmos- 
phere and located above the highest radiator or the highest run of piping in the system. 
The expansion tank is connected to the piping system and serves as a reservoir to take 
up the expansion of the water when it becomes heated, and also to vent air from the 
system and to safeguard the system from damage due to overheating the water in the 
boiler. 

35. Hot-water heating boilers are of the same types as steam-heating boilers, and for 
all practical purposes may be considered the same. Some of the boiler fixtures are 
different, however. No water column or water gauge is necessary on a hot-water 
boiler, since the boiler is filled with water, and in place of a pressure gauge such as 
is used on a steam boiler, an altitude gauge which indicates the height of water in 
the system is used in connection with a hot-water boiler. Ordinarily a hot-water 
system is laid out with no valves on any piping between the boiler and the expansion 
tank, and in such eases no safety valve is required on boiler. It is usual to place 
two thermometers on the main piping near a hot-water boiler, one to show the tem- 
perature of Avater in the supply piping and the other to show the temperature of water 
in the return piping, after it has become cooled by passing through the radiators. 

36. The circulation of water through the pipes and radiators of a hot-water heating 
system is due to the fact that as the water is heated in the boiler it expands slightly, 
thus becoming lighter than an equal volume of cooler water, The cooler and heavier 
water coming into the boiler through the return connections forces the lighter and 
hotter water upward through the supply piping to the various radiators. In the 
radiators the water is slightly cooled and so passes out through the return piping and 
back to the boiler. Since in most cases the water passing through the radiators is 
cooled very slightly, sometimes not more than 10° F. or 15° F., the force causing the 
water to circulate is very small. In a properly designed system it is. however, suffi- 
cient to give a good circulation. 

37. Ina hot-water system, as in a steam system, it is necessary that the piping and 
radiators shall be thoroughly vented of air before proper circulation can take place. 
In a hot-water system, however, most of the air is vented through the expansion 
tank when the system is filled. The air in the radiators is vented by opening the 
small hand operated pet cocks at the top of radiator and letting the air blow until 
water appears, when cock should be tightly closed. After system is filled with water 
and freed from air, it is necessary to see that air does not collect in system, and all 
pet cocks on radiators should be tested occasionally, and altitude gauge should be 
examined every day to see that the water in the system is at the proper height. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



77 



RULES FOR OPERATING HOT-WATER HEATING BOILERS. 

38. For general instructions in regard to care of boiler, method of firing, etc., see 
paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 15, under "Rules for operating hot-air furnaces," and 
paragraphs 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, and 32, under "Rules for operating steam-heating 
boilers. " 

39. Before firing up in the morning examine the altitude gauge to see if the system 
is full of water. Most altitude gauges have a stationary hand which should be set 
at the point on the dial at which the movable hand registers when system is full of 
water. After being set at this point, this hand will always indicate the height of 
water which should be maintained in system. If there is any doubt as to the system 
being full of water, inspect the water level in the expansion tank or feed water to 
the boiler until it overflows from expansion tank. 

40. Before firing up be sure that all valves on the main supply and return piping 
are open. 

41. The damper regulator on a hot- water boiler operates in the same manner as that 
on a steam boiler except that instead of being adjusted to maintain a certain pressure 
on the boiler, it must be set to maintain a certain temperature of water leaving the 
boiler. This temperature mil depend on outdoor temperatures, and for severe weather 
conditions will be about 180° F. in most cases. Thus if a comfortable temperature 
can be maintained indoors with water leaving the boiler at 1S0° F. in severe weather, 
the weight on lever arm of damper regulator should be placed so that both the draft 
door in ash pit and the check draft in smoke pipe will be closed and the chain con- 
necting with each door will be tight when water leaving the boiler is at the above 
temperature. 



Post 



Building No Designation 

Month of 191- 





Temperature record. 


Record of coal used. 


Day. 


Dormitory (barracks), living room, 
(quarters). 


Day room (barracks). 


For heat. ^or 
cooking. 




7 a. m. 


11 a. m. 


7 p. m. 


7 a. m. | 11 a. m. 


7 p. m. 


Can filled. 


Can filled. 


1 












2 












3 












4 












5 












6 
























8 












9 














10 
















11 

















12 
















13 
















14 


















15 










r 






16 
















17 














18 
















19 










i 






20 
















21 



















22 


















23 


















24 


















25 


















26 


















27 


















28 


















29 


















30 
















31 


















" r 













78 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



Temperature record is to be filled in for each day of the month and at the hours 
shown on form. 

Under "Record of coal used, " the time at which it is necessary to fill can with a 
fresh supply of coal is to be recorded opposite proper date. After can is filled, coal 
may be shoveled from can or may be dumped on basement floor and shoveled from 
there. Each can full must be all used before can is filled again. Thus the first entry 
under "Can filled" would be, say, "7.30 a. m." and would be opposite the first day 
of the month; the next might be "5 p. m." and might be opposite the 6th day of 
the month. In this way each can full is to be recorded, and in space opposite the 
last day of the month the amount left over from the last can full recorded should 
be noted, as " { can full, " " £ can full, " etc . This quantity is to be carefully estimated 
with coal in can. 

Cans to be filled level with top. 

Coal for cooking must be kept in a separate can, and when refilled it must be recorded 
in proper column. 

Readings to be taken each day at 7 a. m., 11 a. m., and 7 p. m. and entered sepa- 
rately on form. The first reading will show how much the building has cooled off 
during the night; the second how well the heating plant is responding to the morning 
overload; and the third will show whether a satisfactory temperature is being main- 
tained at the time when it is probably of most importance. 



Post 



Temperature record. Month 

Monthly mean 



191. 



Day. 


Maximum. Minimum. 


Daily mean. 


1 






2 


| 


3 





4 




5 





f> 


! 


7 




8 





9 


1 


10 





11 






12 






13 






14 






15 




.: i :.::::::::::::: 


16 






17 






18 






19 








20 








21 








22 








23 








24 








25 








20 








27 








28 








29 








30 








31 










1 



Daily mean= maximum + mimimum. 
Sum of dailv means. 



Monthly mean= 



Number days in month. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 
Heating data sheet for 



79 



Building. 


Boiler 
manu- 
fac- 
turer's 
name 
and 
trade 
name. 


Manu- 
fac- 
turer's 
No. 


Capac- 
ity. 


Grate 
for hard 
or soft 

coal. 


Steam, 

hot 
water, 
or air. 


Date of 
instal- 
lation. 


Square 
feet of 
direct 
radia- 
tion 
surface 

in 
build- 
ing. 


Square 
feet of 


One or 
two 
pipe 
sys- 
tem. 


Amount 
and kind of 
coal burned 

during 
period from 
Feb. 1 to 
Feb. 28, 
both inclu- 
sive. 


Desig- 
nation. 


Post 
No. 


direct 
indirect 
radia- 
tion 
surface 

in 
build- 
ing. 






















































::::::::::::::::::::::::■::': 

































































1 



Office Chief cf Quartermaster Corps, 

Washington, D. C, April 13, 1914. 
From: P. M. Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer. 
To: Chief, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, Washington, 

D.C. 
Subject: Fuel tests. 

1. In accordance with your orders dated January 28, 1914, directing 
that I conduct fuel tests during the months of February and March 
at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, I have the following report 
to submit. These orders were verbally supplemented to include fuel 
tests in several apartment houses in this city also. This report cov- 
ers observations made at the Wyoming, Highlands, Westmoreland, 
and Belmont apartment houses and the Army and Navy Club. 

2. After making preliminary inspections at Fort Myer and Wash- 
ington Barracks, it was considered advisable to divide the work, Mr. 
L. H. Tripp, sanitary and heating engineer, taking personal charge of 
the work at the former post, and I took charge of the work at Wash- 
ington Barracks and the apartments. A separate report on Fort 
Myer will be submitted by Mr. Tripp. 

3. On preliminary inspection at both posts it was found that ap- 
proximately 85 per cent of the heating boilers were regulated by 
means of the firing door; the automatic regulators were either out of 
working order or had been disconnected. The flues and heating 
surfaces of practically all boilers were heavily coated with soot, and 
in a few cases conditions indicated that the soot had not been removed 
in years. In one heating boiler an accumulation of soot had com- 
pletely closed off the lower row of tubes and the second row was 
closed off to within one-third of its area. With a very few excep- 
tions, the heating systems showed lack of care and lack of proper 
supervision. 

4. The test was started at Washington Barracks February 13, 
after all boilers had been thoroughly cleaned and damper regulators 
properly adjusted. A daily record was made on the amount of coal 
used for heating and cooking, and temperatures were taken in all 
heated buildings at 7 a. m., 11a. m., and 7 p. m. In officers' and 
noncommissioned officers' quarters the thermometers were installed 
in the living rooms, and in barracks the records were taken both in 
dormitories, day rooms, and mess halls. The first temperature read- 
ing was taken early enough in the day to indicate the condition of 
the fires throughout the night, the second temperature reading was 
taken at a time when the morning chill should have been removed if 

80 



KEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 81 

the fire was in good condition in the morning, and the last reading 
was taken at a time which would show the average afternoon and 
evening temperature. 

5. AU heating boilers were fired by the regular firemen, who were 
as a rule privates from the companies and who received no extra pay 
for this extra duty. Three first-class engineer sergeants, Quarter- 
master Corps, were detailed to the post to supervise the firing and to 
keep an accurate daily check of the inside temperatures and the daily 
consumption of fuel, both for heating, cooking, and laundry purposes. 
The post was divided into three parts and each engineer sergeant was 
detailed to supervise one division throughout the test. In this way, 
each became very familiar with the equipment and the firemen in his 
division, and were therefore able to keep very accurate records. A 
separate record was kept of the coal used in laundry stoves of officers' 
quarters, but in all tabulations herewith the fuel used hi laundry 
stoves has been included with fuel for cooking. It was found that 
the laundry work, especially the ironing, was being done in the kitch- 
ens, and the separated values would therefore be misleading. 

6. Inclosed herewith is a blue-print tabulation showing the results 
of tests on all buildings at this post. It will be noted that there are 
only two types and sizes of officers' quarters and that the same type 
of cast-iron boilers is installed in all. Inclosed herewith are blue- 
print graphical records of the operation of each separate boiler and 
an average graphical record for each of the two sizes of boilers. These 
graphs show the average daily inside temperatures, which were ob- 
tained by averaging the three daily temperature readings. One curve 
shows the daily mean outside temperatures, which were obtained 
from the average of 24 hourly readings as recorded by the United 
States Weather Bureau. A third curve shows the proposed allow- 
ance, according to chart, for each day based on the size of the grate 
and the mean temperature of that day. A fourth curve shows the 
amount of coal actually consumed each day for heating. In plotting 
these records, it was found that the coal consumption did not in all 
cases follow the allowance based on temperatures. It was believed 
that wind movements were largely responsible for this discrepancy. 
A fifth curve was therefore plotted showing the total number of miles 
of wind movement each day and the direction of same. 

7. These charts show that in many instances where the coal con- 
sumption has increased or decreased out of proportion to tempera- 
ture change, the cause can be traced back to high or low wind move- 
ment. It is apparent also, from examination of these charts, that 
the personal element must be taken into consideration. The depth 
of fire, the draft control, and the method of cleaning fires, all tend 
to influence the daily fuel consumption. It was found that the great- 
est wastage in fuel existed in the mildest weather, for the reason 

53096°— 14 6 



82 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

that on mild days the firing was not reduced proportionally and 
windows were opened to reduce the excessive inside temperatures. 
It was found that in practically all cases excessive heat was dis- 
posed of through open windows rather than by turning off radiators. 
All rooms and buildings should be heated sufficiently to permit of 
proper ventilation, but it seems unnecessary to leave steam turned 
on the radiators in sleeping rooms where windows are left open 
throughout the night. 

8. It is believed that the coal consumption during this test was 
materially less than it would have been if the fires and heating equip- 
ment had been cared for in the usual way. It is certain that some 
fuel was saved by keeping the equipment free from soot. Another 
great saving was undoubtedly made by properly regulating the 
drafts. I found on a visit to this post a few days after the test was 
closed that about 50 per cent of the automatic regulators had either 
been disconnected or were blocked to prevent their operation. The 
firemen had returned to their former method of regulating and check- 
ing the fires by opening the firing doors of the furnaces. Certainly 
this is an effective method of checking a fire but a very inefficient 
method. Practically all furnaces are provided with some form of 
flues for the absorption of heat from the hot gases after leaving the 
combustion chamber. When the firing door of a furnace is opened 
as a check against excessive heat it does check combustion to a 
large extent, but it permits cold air to chill the heating surface and 
waste a great deal of heat, which could be avoided by proper control. 

9. The proposed allowances based on the charts prepared by this 
office seem to provide a fair allowance for the officers' quarters 
having 5.03 square feet of grate. The allowance for officers' quar- 
ters having 7.16 square feet of grate is excessive. This chart was 
prepared for Dunning boilers, which have a higher rating per square 
foot of grate than do the Gurney boilers installed at this post. The 
equipment at this post is not representative of the average condi- 
tions at Army posts, and I, therefore, do not recommend that 
this allowance be reduced on the basis of this test. It is believed 
that the allowance charts as worked out represent very closely the 
actual annual consumption of the average boiler at heating plants 
of Army posts in this vicinity. If the allowances are computed on 
mean temperatures for each month separately, it is believed that 
they will be excessive during the coldest months of the season and 
insufficient for the milder months. To substantiate this conclusion, 
two charts are inclosed herewith which show a comparison of the 
proposed chart allowances and the average actual consumption of 
each of the two sizes of furnaces installed. It will be noted that the 
line drawn to represent the average of these points gives a greater 
allowance in mild weather and a smaller allowance in cold weather. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 83 

Theoretically the proposed chart allowance is correct, but, as pointed 
out in another part of this report, there is a greater wastage of fuel 
in mild weather than during the more severe conditions. The fact 
that this proposed allowance is excessive on the large grates at this 
post is due largely to the fact that this grate falls within the allow- 
ances on large heating boilers for public buildings. It is therefore 
recommended that the allowance for officers' quarters be based on 
the proposed allowances for small grates. It is also recommended 
that due consideration be given to changing the proposed allowance 
charts so as to slightly reduce the allowances for officers' quarters 
in severe weather and give a proportional increase in mild weather. 

10. The barracks and a few additional buildings at this post are 
heated from two central plants which are operated in parallel. One 
of these plants furnishes approximately 15-boiler horesepower for 
operating an air compressor for sewage ejector. These plants also 
furnish hot water to a portion of the buildings heated. It is there- 
fore difficult to check the proposed chart allowances with the actual 
fuel consumption in these buildings. The water heaters installed 
are not of the usual type, and the number in use is not sufficient to 
establish any allowances for this purpose. The heating and hot-water- 
hcating equipment at Fort Myer is typical of the installations at 
Army posts and can better be used as a basis for establishing allow- 
ances. 

11. The proposed chart allowances do not provide an allowance 
for heating with stoves or latrobes such as are installed in noncom- 
missioned officers' quarters at this post. The results of tests at this 
post would indicate that an allowance of 75 pounds per day for the 
entire heating season should be allowed a set of noncommissioned 
officers' quarters heated by stoves in this locality; proportional 
changes being made for different climatic conditions. 

12. The proposed allowance charts cover fuel for heating only. 
It will therefore be necessary to provide allowances for cooking, 
laundry purposes, and for heating hot water. No separate allowance 
for hot water heating will be necessary for officers' quarters, as the 
hot water is heated from ranges. It is believed that cooking and 
laundry allowances in officers' quarters should be combined, as in 
many cases a large portion of the laundry work is done on kitchen 
ranges. It is therefore recommended that additional allowances 
be established for cooking and for heating hot water in barracks. 

13. The results of the tests at this post indicate that for No. 5 
ranges in officers' quarters an allowance of 140 pounds per day 
should be made and that an allowance of 90 pounds per day should 
be made for No. 3 ranges in officers' quarters. These allowances 
should be the same throughout the year. It is recommended that 
an allowance of 75 pounds per day be made for cooking in non- 



84 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

commissioned officers' quarters during heating season, and 50 pounds 
per day for the remainder of the year. Two distinct allowances are 
recommended for noncommissioned officers' quarters, for the reason 
that these ranges are also used for heating a portion of the building. 

14. The allowance for other sizes of ranges can not be accurately 
arrived at from the data collected at this post. The coal consumption 
of the large ranges depends largely on where same are installed. For 
that reason, the fuel allowance for cooking on the larger ranges should 
be for the organization rather than for the range. From results of 
test at this post, it would appear that 3 pounds of coal per man per 
day would be a fair allowance. No allowance for heating hot water 
can be arrived at from the equipment at this post. 

COST OF HEATING APARTMENT HOUSES. 

15. An accurate check was made on the cost of heating and heating 
hot water in four apartment houses in this city, namely, the Wyoming, 
Highlands, Westmoreland, and the Belmont. It is believed that 
these apartment houses represent the average conditions to be 
expected in this class of buildings. The results of these tests are 
shown on tabulation herewith. 

16. The Wyoming is fitted with a gravity return heating system, 
and is heated by two 90-horsepower return tubular boilers using 
bituminous rmi-of-mine coal at $3.80 per ton. Hot water for the 
building is provided by two separate internally fired heaters using 
the same type of coal. The costs of heating and heating hot water 
in this building as tabulated are determined from total annual costs. 
Separate tests were made at different temperatures, which show 
that the fuel consumption of a large apartment is proportionally 
higher in mild weather than during severe weather. 

17. The Highlands and Westmoreland are equipped with a Webster 
vacuum heating system and are both heated by exhaust steam from 
a power plant installed in the Highlands. In order to determine the 
cost of heating these buildings, it was first necessary to determine the 
evaporation per pound of coal so as to evaluate the steam. This 
was done by weighing the coal used in actual operation for four con- 
secutive days and weighing the feed water for that period. A water 
weigher was then installed in the returns from each building sepa- 
rately, and records taken for several days at various outside tempera- 
tures. When the outside temperature drops below 24° F. for an 
appreciable time, it becomes necessary to use live steam in addition 
to the available exhaust steam. Since live steam must be used at 
times, the power generated must be considered the by-product and 
tho full charge against heat loss must be made against heating. It 
was found that 84.5 per cent of the latent heat of steam was expended 
in heating. A charge of 84.5 per cent of the cost of generating the 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 85 

steam measured from the returns was therefore charged against the 
heating system. If no live steam had been required for heating, the 
heating should properly have been considered a by-product and only 
such charge made as would represent the loss in efficiency of the 
engines due to operation on 1.6 pounds back pressure as compared 
with free exhaust. At this plant this loss would be about 10 per 
cent. The boiler efficiency of this plant is very high and does much 
to reduce the cost of heating. 

18. The fuel cost of this plant is kept at a minimum. The plant 
is fitted with two 250-horsepower water-tube boilers and four auto- 
matic underfeed stokers. The coal used is composed of approxi- 
mately one-fourth anthracite screenings and three-fourths bituminous 
slack. This mixture is obtained at S3. 29 per ton and is burned 
practically without smoke. 

19. Hot water for these two apartments is heated by separate 
automatically controlled live steam closed heaters. The condensation 
from these heaters was weighed for several days, and the \-alue of 
such live steam charged in full against heating hot water. It will 
be noted that this charge is very high as compared with the cost of 
hot water per room in the Wyoming. This is due to the fact that a 
higher and more uniform temperature is maintained than to less 
efficient equipment. 

20. The Belmont is equipped with a gravity return heating system 
and heated by cast-iron low-pressure boiler using bituminous run-of- 
mine coal. Hot water for the building is heated by an internally 
fired cast-iron heater using the same fuel. The cost of heating and 
heating hot water as tabulated is based on total annual costs. 

21. The tabulation herewith shows the cost of heating in the Army 
and Navy Club. These computations are based on data submitted 
by the manager of this building. It will be noted that the space 
chargeable to living rooms is a small portion of the building. The 
high cost per room for heating in this building can not therefore be 
readily compared with costs hi apartment houses. 

22. The results of tests hi these apartments indicate that the cost 
of heating is practically the same for all similar buildings, regardless 
of size. The tests also show that the fuel consumption is propor- 
tionally higher in mild weather than during more severe weather 
conditions. Similar conclusions were reached at Washington Bar- 
racks. It is therefore believed that the proposed allowance charts 
as prepared in this office should be changed slightly for officers' 
quarters so as to reduce the allowance in severe weather and provide 
a proportional increase in mild weather. 

P. M. Andeeson, 
Electrical and Mechanical Engineer. 
(Twenty inclosures.) 



86 



EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 



Name of apartment and how heated. 



Wyoming 

(live 

steam). 



Highlands 
(exhaust 
steam). 



Westmore- 
land 
(exhaust 
steam). 



Army and 

Navy Club 

(live 

steam.) 



Belmont 
(live 

steam). 



Number of cubic feet heated space 

Cubic feet of public heated space not 

chargeable against rooms 

Cubic feet of heated space chargeable to 

rooms 

Number of rooms 

Number of apartments 

Average size of room, cubic feet 

Total annual cost of coal for heating and 

heating hot water 

Total annual cost of coal for heating hot 

water only 

Annual labor and repair charge for heating 

and heating hot water 

Approximate cost of heating system 

3 per cent depreciation 

Total cost for heating and heating hot 

water 

Total cost ior heating and heating hot 

water chargeable to rooms only 

Total cost per room for heating only 

Total cost per room for heating and heating 

hot water 

Total cost per room for heating hot water 

only 



1,403,968 

None. 

1.403.968 

388 

88 

3,618 



82, 500. 00 

276. 00 

900. 00 

20. 000. 00 

000. 00 



4,000.00 
9.61 



10.32 
.71 



849,882 

81,000 

765,882 

302 

72 

2.535 



82, 400. 00 

568. 00 

600. 00 

11,000.00 

330. 00 

3,330.00 

3,000.00 
8.06 

9.94 

1.88 



650,664 
16, 522 

634,142 

226 

54 

2.S05 



960,000 

810,000 

150.000 

69 

None. 

2.175 



SI. 515. 00 

324. 00 

400. 00 

8.000.00 

240. 00 

2,155.00 

2, 100. 00 

7.87 

9.30 
1. 43 



SI, 193. 00 

(') 

1,275.00 

18.428.00 

553. 00 

(') 

3,021.00 
14.14 

0) 

0) 




436. 00 
0) 

9.09 



Not determined. 



Office Chief of Quartermaster Corps, 

Washington, D. C, April 15, 191 4.. 
From: L. H. Tripp, sanitary and heating engineer. 
To: Chief, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, Washington, 

D. C. 
Subject: Fuel tests. 

1 . In accordance with your orders dated January 28, 1914, directing 
that I conduct fuel tests during the months of February and March at 
Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, I have the honor to submit the 
following report. These orders were verbally supnlemented to include 
investigation of the cost of heating at the Army and Navy Club. 
The results of the latter have been incorporated in report of Mr. P.M. 
Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer, of , this office, in connec- 
tion with tests conducted by him to ascertain the cost of heating in 
apartment houses. 

2. After making preliminary inspections at Fort Myer and Wash- 
ington Barracks it was decided to divide the work, Mr. P. M. 
Anderson taking charge of the work at Washington Barracks, while I 
took charge of the work at Fort Myer. A separate report on Wash- 
ington Barracks has been submitted by Mr. Anderson. 

3. On February 3, 1914, the writer first visited Fort Myer in con- 
nection with the fuel tests which have just been completed. The 
proposed test was discussed with the post quartermaster, and it was 
decided to proceed at once with an inspection of all of the heating 
plants at the post. 



far. 25, inclusive, 1914- 



Num- 
ber 
and 
size of 
ranges. 



Gas 
ranges 
used. 



1 No. 4 . 

..do... 
...do... 
lNo.3.. 
...do.... 
I. .do... 

..do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do.... 

..do.... 

..do... 

..do... 

lNo.5. 

lNo.3. 
...do... 
...do... 
L..do... 
...do... 
...do... 
!...do... 
I... do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 

lNo.4. 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



lNo.4. 
..do... 
1 No. 4, 
1 No. 5. 



1 No. 4, 
INo. 5.. 

..do 

..do.... 

2No.4.. 



Cubic 
feet of 
heated 
space. 



40, 771 
40, 771 
40, 771 
30,683 
30, 683 
30, 683 
30,683 
30,683 
30,683 
30,683 
30,683 
30,683 
30,683 



Num- 
ber of 
rooms. 



No. 30, 683 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 
No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 



If)'.', i'.I.S 

10, 332 
10,332 
10,332 
L0.332 
L0.332 
10, 332 
L0.3: 2 
10, 332 
10,332 
10, 332 
10, 332 
10, 332 
81,972 
63, 504 
32,912 
73,968 

104, 324 

82, 392 

249, 163 

249, 163 
249, 163 

250, 600 
86, 724 
2 5, 206 



, the east plant furnishes power for s 



Report of tests on healing boilers, etc., Washington Barracks, Feb. IS to Mar. 25, inclusive, 1914. 



Name of boiler. 



Bakers' school".'.!!! 

Band tmrnicks ' . . . . 
Barracks' 

Do.i 

Do.i 

„ Do.' 

Hospital i. 



Lii.'llfril'iilt fnloliel . 

Major 



First lieutenant.. 



9 first lieutenants. 



Noncommissioned officers. 



Company C 

Company D 

Engineer storehouse, quar- 
termaster, and commis- 



(lurih'V. . 

....do.... 
Dunning. 



.do 

.do 



Coal allowance, 

pounds per 
day from chart. 



6.03 
1,932 

0.7S+ 
0.7S+ 
0.78 + 
0. 78 •■ 
0.78 + 
0.78 + 

0. 78 : 

0.78+ 
0. 9U+ 
i).'J'i + 
0. 99+ 
0.99 + 



t of coal used per day (pounds). 



II 


fil 


.1 


»H 


1 


V8 


R 


36 


» 


43 


S 


W 


II 


Ml 


V 


4B 


I 


41 


u 


M 



Water beated 
from central 
power plaut. 



Tabasco No. 300. 



Circulator No. ; 



Poundscoalper'ublc I ted 



'"'" 9 'tedapooomidto i 

pordoy tor hoolS 






n>.iin» 

ll.llins 



3,088 !"■' 



8, 228 

7,896 

10,132 
8,230 

■ji.;i.i 
20,763 



Vi'lu.il 

Slimp- 



Vrhl.l 

Hon 
based 



O.oo 

'r; 
0,00 

'■I 

ii.im,; 

37J 

0,00 i 

II. llll, I 

318 

i i .. 

j 

ii. i 

n.1111,1 

■' 
ii 

mi 

ii mi..', 

II 

„. 

173 
ii u,i ,i 

i 

m 



. 



m.'ui [naldo toi Pobruorj 



■ v '-' ul ildo foi M iroh, 



Mnu In ,,[, - |..i M . . . I , . 






II ii. III. 


II, " 


IW.II 




llll. 1 




mi. 7 


,',, 1 


ii . g 


1,1 1, 


08,3 


DM 


ill. 1 


,. 


00.0 


mi. II 


117.7 


I.I. I 


00.2 


«7.:i 


llll. II 


i.i.ii 


lit. II 


III! 1 


' 


■ 


00.7 


gg 


iii.;i 





00, 1 


,i ii 


n 'i 


,ii i 


i,i , 


llll ., 


hi i 


: 


,i ii 


,. • D 


,:, 1 


i.l : 


711.7 




,1 ii 


,n .'I 


,1 1 


„'i ., 


i , 


,, 1 






02,0 


,i H 


7n. a 


00 






..I i 


02 i 


03, 'J 




111.2 




75. 8 


i 




1,1.7 






02.2 


.,, i 


02.0 






i.l.ll 


1 


' 


C) 



NOTE.-Cent.ral power plant furnishes approximately 15 boiler horsepoworfor sewage ejector in addition '° *>«>"°E: „__ Th „ e Dlmts OT „ pera t e d in parallel. In addition to heating, the east plant furnishes power for sewage ej 

i All these buiklim-s heated l.y i >•.,, central heatme plants equipped with two 7a horsepower Keeler return tubular boners, rnese plants are opmareu m v ^ e,, 



l°— 14. (To f aC6 page 8 o.) 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 87 

4. Accompanied by the civilian employee who is in charge of heating 
plants at Fort Myer, and the first to report of the non-commissioned 
officers who were deatiled for duty in connection with the fuel tests, 
an inspection of heating plants was begun on this date. The f ollow- 
ing buildings were visited on this date: administration, guardhouse, 
band barrack, post exchange, five double sets of officers' quarters, the 
post hospital and contagious hospital, three artillery barracks, and 
two double cavalry barracks. 

5. Notes were made in connection with each installation, and in- 
cluded a description of the apparatus and of its condition. The type, 
make, and manufacturers' number of heating boiler was noted, the 
type of heating system, whether steam or hot water, and the type and 
condition of damper regulator. Note was also made as to whether the 
boiler was provided with check draft in the smoke pipe. The size 
and number of cooking ranges was noted. Where quarters are pro- 
vided with gas ranges, note was made of this fact and an inquiry was 
made as to the extent to which gas range was used. Where hot-water 
heaters are provided in barracks, etc., note was made of the size and 
make of same. The above information in reagrd to existing equip- 
ment, and with the exception of information in regard to damper 
regulator and check draft, appears on the tabulated statement of 
results of fuel test at Fort Myer, a copy of which is herewith. 

6. Heating boilers were examined to see if water fine was carried at 
proper height, the condition of flue passages and the thickness and 
condition of fire was noted, the ash pit was examined, note was made 
of the condition of damper regulator, and if a pressure of over 5 
pounds per square inch was indicated by gauge note was made of that 
fact. 

7. The condition in which heating boilers were found was uniformly 
bad. Tubes and flues had apparently not been cleaned for months 
prior to this inspection. In the case of boilers of the Dunning type, 
the opening of clean-outs in the base of boiler often resulted in a mass 
of soot and flue dust falling out upon the floor. In the case of boilers 
of the Century type the horizontal fire tubes were, without exception, 
badly in need of cleaning. A particularly bad instance of this condi- 
tion was furnished by the boiler in the contagious hospital. In this 
boiler the two lower rows of tubes were so completely filled with cin- 
ders, ash, and soot that there were but 3 tubes out of the 11 in these 
two rows through which any light could be discerned. 

8. All boilers were found to be provided with damper regulators of 
one type or another, but practically all of them were either discon- 
nected or inoperative, or both. In the case of regulators of the ordi- 
nary rubber diaphragm type, many of the diaphragms were found 
to be leaky and useless. In the case of regulators of the all-metal 
type the regulators themselves were in good condition, but were either 



88 REPORT- ON FUEL TESTS. 

disconnected altogether from draft doors and check dampers or else 
connected in such a way as to be useless. 

9. In a large majority of the boilers inspected the fire carried was 
altogether too thick, and the ash pits in several cases showed an 
excessive accumulation of ashes. Apparently the only method of 
checking or regulating the steam pressure was by opening the fire 
door, thus allowing cold air to come in contact with the heating sur- 
faces of the boiler. In a large majority of cases the following condi- 
tions were noted : Damper regulator disconnected, check draft closed, 
chimney damper wide open, ash-pit draft open, fire door open, and 
no steam pressure on the system. In other words, practically as 
much coal was being burned as would be required to develop the maxi- 
mum boiler capacity, but no steam or not enough to show on the 
gauge was being generated. 

10. During the week following the inspection above noted, the 
writer "visited Fort Myer twice, reporting each time to the quarter- 
master and inspecting the remainder of the heating plants at the post. 
In the meantime the heating plants were being overhauled and cleaned 
and certain necessary repairs were being made in order to put the 
boilers in good operating condition. It was not the purpose or desire 
of this office to impose conditions upon the heating apparatus which 
could not and should not be maintained during ordinary operation. 
It was the intention, however, to place and maintain equipment in 
good operating condition; and to this end, boilers were cleaned of 
soot at the start of the test and kept reasonably clean throughout the 
test. New rubber diaphragms were installed hi damper regulators 
where necessary; damper regulators were properly adjusted and 
connected to draft doors and check drafts; attention was given to 
the adjustment of air valves; and, in general, such repairs as were 
found necessary for good operation were made where possible. 

11. On February 14 it was decided that the test could be started 
on the following morning, Sunday, the 15th. The three non-commis- 
sioned officers who were detailed for duty in connection with this test 
had reported previous to this date and understood their duties, which 
were the general supervision of the firing in the different plants, and 
keeping the records of temperatures, coal consumptions, etc. To 
provide some system for carrying on the test, the post had been di- 
vided into three districts, one of which was in charge of each of the 
non-commissioned officers above mentioned. It was decided to meas- 
ure coal for heating from the ash cans provided for this purpose, and 
to record coal used for cooking by recording the number of sacks full 
used. The coal used for cooking was not recorded until February IS, 
as same had to be sacked. 

12. On February 24 it was decided that it would be better to record 
the coal used for cooking in the same way as that used for heating. 



KEPORT OX FUEL TESTS. 89 

There was so much variation in the weight of the sacks of coal that it 
was not believed that this method was as good as the method of meas- 
uring coal in cans. Accordingly, this method was followed during 
the remainder of the test. In addition, a separate record was kept 
of all coal used for laundry purposes and for fireplaces. All wood on 
hand was measured and subsequent issues were recorded. Gas 
meters were read each week. Amounts of coal less than a can full 
were estimated by the use of a measuring stick equal in length to the 
inside depth of the can and divided into 10 equal parts. Separate 
piles of coal for heating and cooking were placed on the basement floor 
each day, in amount ample for that day's needs and in such locations 
as to avoid any chance of confusion. On the following day the coal 
remaining in each pile was measured separately and its amount de- 
ducted from the amount in the original pile. In this manner, the 
daily records were obtained. This method was also followed in keep- 
ing the daily record of coal used in water heaters in barracks, hos- 
pital, guardhouse, etc. Separate sacks of coal of known weights were 
placed in the basement of quarters for fireplaces and in the laundry 
for laundry stoves. 

13. In plotting and tabulating the final results, the coal used for 
the laundry is charged to cooking, and the coal used in fireplaces is 
charged to heating. The wood used in officers' quarters amounted, 
when reduced to its equh alent in anthracite coal, to an average of 8 
pounds of coal per day for each set of quarters. Where gas was used 
for cooking it apparently did not affect the amount of coal used, as 
will be seen from an examination of the tabulation of results herewith. 
As a matter of fact the amount of gas used, as shown by meter read- 
ings, was so small as to be negligible. 

14. The average daily amounts of coal used in the ranges of differ- 
ent size, and in water heaters of different sizes was as follows: 

Pounds. 

Range No. 3 85 

Range No. 5 134 

Water heater No. 18 95 

Water heaters Nos. 21, 26, and 200 ..". 149 

Water heater No. 300 240 

The above figures are the averages for the whole period of the test, 
from February 15 to March 25, inclusive, with the exception of figures 
for ranges. The figures for ranges are averages from February 25 to 
March 25, inclusive. 

15. In reviewing the results of the test under consideration it may 
be noted that, considering the duration of the test, the weather con- 
ditions were exceedingly favorable to the obtaining of conclusive re- 
sults. The range of daily mean outside temperatures was from 
+ 11.9° F. on February 24 to + 62° F. on March 25. Furthermore, it 



90 BEPOR-T ON FUEL TESTS. 

was possible to divide the test into four periods, during which there 
was considerable variation in the outside temperature. The first 
period was from February 15 to February 24, inclusive, and during 
this period the ntean outside temperature was 24.71° F.; the second 
period, from February 25 to March 6, inclusive, had a mean outside 
temperature of 29.91° F.; the third period, March 7 to March 14, the 
temperature was 34° F.; and the fourth period, March 15 to March 
25, inclusive, the mean outside temperature was 41.9° F., In addi- 
tion to the varied temperature conditions above mentioned, one 
period of excessively high wind was experienced. The records for 
March 2 show a total wind movement of over 900 miles, and the maxi- 
mum wind velocity during this period was about 65 miles per hour. 
March 1 and 3 also show excessively high wind movement. 

16. On the tabulation and charts herewith are shown the con- 
densed records for the various buildings at the post. From the aver- 
age inside temperatures for the different buildings it will be seen that 
no attempt was made to economize on coal at the expense of comfort. 
In so far as was possible, the desires of the occupants of the different 
buildings w T ere complied with in this respect. This accounts for the 
high temperatures which, it will be seen, were maintained in some of 
the officers' quarters. 

17. From the comparison of actual coal consumptions with the 
proposed chart allowances, it appears that in a large majority of 
cases the allowance as indicated by the chart is ample for heating 
buildings which are provided with steam or hot-water heating plants. 
The boilers tested at Fort Myer are representative of boilers in use 
throughout the service, there having been included 25 vertical steel 
boilers of the Dunning or Kewanee type, 5 vertical cast-iron boilers 
and 15 horizontal steel boilers of the Century or Ideal cylindrical 
type. From the tabulation and charts herewith, it will be seen that 
the actual amounts of fuel consumed in boilers of all three types 
agree remarkably well with the proposed chart allowances. 

18. There are with this report four charts showing the line repre- 
senting the chart allowance for Fort Myer and for large and small 
size heating boilers. Upon these charts has been plotted a series 
of points representing the actual rates of combustion recorded for 
each day of the test and for grates of the sizes noted on charts. 
It will be seen that in general the allowance line is fairly representa- 
tive of the points as plotted, except that it is somewhat above a 
lino representing the mean of the points. This is as it should be. 
It will also be seen that the greatest variation from the allowance 
lino comes in the case of the small grates and on days when the 
outside temperatures wero relatively high. This condition is undoubt- 
edly due in part to the fact that, in direct steam-heating systems, 
there is a considerable loss of efficiency with high outside tempera- 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 91 

tures. With high outside temperatures there is also a marked 
tendency to open outside windows and doors, thus placing a larger 
load than necessary on the heating system. This condition was met 
with in several of the quarters at Fort Myer and was undoubtedly 
responsible for a part of the variation above mentioned. It is 
believed that additional care in the matter of leaving windows and 
doors open will correct this variation to a considerable extent. It 
is also to be expected that a continuation of weather as mild as 
some that was experienced during this tost will result in the drawing 
of fires in heating boilers, thus offsetting any excess in coal consump- 
tion which may develop when the fire is maintained. 

19. In conclusion, it may be noted that the fuel in use during this 
test was Pennsylvania anthracite coal. It is believed that with the 
exercise of propor and reasonable care in the operation of heating 
boilers, the amounts of coal provided by the charts will be found to 
bo sufficient. It may bo further remarked that if coal consumption 
is to bo kept within the chart allowance, proper and reasonable care 
in the use of fuel must bo exorcised. Where coal of a lower grade 
than the abovo is used, due allowance for the heating value of same 
should bo mado. 

20. In regard to coal for cooking in officers' quarters, an allowance 
of 90 pounds por day is recommended. This is 5 pounds in excess 
of the average used in No. 3 ranges at Fort Myer. The margin is 
not largo, but it is to bo noted that during the severe weather pre- 
vailing throughout a large part of tho test a certain indeterminate 
amount of coal was used in the ranges for heating the kitchen. 
During the summer months the tendency will bo to use as little coal 
for cooking as possible, and tho writer believes the allowance as 
above recommended will be found to be sufficient. 

21. For cooking in barracks an average of 134 pounds per day in 
the No. 5 range was used. Based on the number of men in the organi- 
zations the coal for cooking averaged 2.93 pounds per man per day. 
In three of the seven organizations at Fort Myer the use of coal 
for cooking was in excess of 3.5 pounds of coal per day. It is recom- 
mended that the allowance of coal for cooking in barracks be fixed 
at 3.5 pounds of coal per man per day, it being believed that during 
tho hot weather the use of coal in ranges in barracks will be consid- 
erably decreased. For cooking in noncommissioned officers' quarters 
it is believed that the winter allowance should be somewhat in 
excess of the summer allowance, since kitchens are used more or 
less as living rooms and it is necessary to burn some coal in ranges 
for the purpose of heating the room. It is believed that 75 and 50 
pounds of coal per day, respectively, would represent fair allowances 
for each of the eight winter and four summer months. 



92 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



22. For water heaters it is recommended that the allowances be 
fixed as follows : 

For heaters — Pounds per day. 

Nos. 150, 17, and 18 , .100 

Nos. 200, 21, and 22 150 

Nos. 300, 25, 26, and 27 250 

These figures are somewhat in excess of the average actual con- 
sumptions at Fort Myer in each case. 

23. There are forwarded herewith four copies of this report and 
five copies each of 14 charts and one tabulation; 79 inclosures. 

Respectfully submitted. 

L. H. Tripp, 
Sanitary and Heating Engineer. 

Average costs in Washington, using gas for fuel for officers on commutation status, January 

to December, 1913. 





Number 

of 

officers 

each 

rank. 


Number of rooms. 


Cost of gas for fuel per annum. 




Rank of officer. 


Actually 
occupied 
average 

(0). 


Allow- 
ance^). 


Total 
cost (c). 


Cost per 
room 

«4 


Total 
cost on 

basis 
regular 
allow- 
ance of 
rooms 
(e)=dXb. 


Average 
Cost per 
month. 




1 
3 
5 
1 

11 
11 
3 


20 
16 

8 

9 

8|f 

'it 

6 


9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 


29.41 
91.75 
31.20 
72.93 
23.32 
40.98 
12.44 


1.47 
5.73 
3.90 
8.10 
2.62 
5.18 
2.07 


13.23 
45.84 
27.30 
48.60 
13.10 
20.72 
6.21 


2.45 




7.65 


Colonel 


2.60 




6.08 




1.94 


Captain 


3.42 




1.04 







Note. — The above table applies to 35 officers who have been using gas for fuel for a full 12 months 'period. 
Officers having received service for only a fraction of a year, or those for which the number of rooms occupied 
is not known, have not been considered in making up this statement. 

Treasury Department, 
Washington, April 7 , 1914- 
The honorable the Secretary of War, 

Washington, D. C. 
Sir : By direction of the Secretary I have the honor to advise you, 
in reply to your letter of the 31st ultimo in reference to the quantity 
of fuel required to heat private residences, that the method of com- 
puting the coal consumption of any given building varies, depending 
upon the different methods of construction used and upon the skill 
of firemen employed. 

Under average conditions in the latitude of Washington, D. C, 
assuming that the average size of a residence room is 12 by 14 by 9 
feet 6 inches and will contain a 50-square foot hot-water radiation, 
the coal consumption may be checked by the following rules of thumb, 



Mar. 25, inclusive 


, 1914. 






Num- 
bers 


Gas 


Cubic 
feet of 
heated 


Num- 




and 
size of 


ranges 
used. 


ber of 
rooms. 


1 


ranges. 




space. 




c 
i 




« 








. 1 No. 5.. 


No 


39,634 


11 




. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


33,997 


10- 




. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


30, 635 


9 




. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


29,016 


9 




. 1 No. 3 . . 


None.. 


29,016 


9 




. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


23, 599 


8 




. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


23,599 


8 




. lNo.3.. 


None.. 


23, 599 


8 




. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


23, 599 


8 




. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


23, 599 


8 




.. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


23, 599 


8 




.. lNo.3.. 


Yes . . . 


23,599 


S 




.. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


23, 599 


8 




. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


26,354 


7 




.. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


26,354 


7 




.. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


26,354 


7 




.. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


26,354 


7 




. lNo.3.. 


Yes . . . 


23,386 


7 




.. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


23,386 


7 




,. lNo.3.. 


Yes... 


23, 3S6 


7 




. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


23,386 


7 




... lNo.3.. 


None.. 


23, 386 


7 




.. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


23,386 


7 




. lNo.3.. 


None. . 


16,3S0 


5 




. lNo.3.. 


None.. 


16,380 


5 




. lNo.3.. 


No.... 


16,380 


5 




. lNo.3.. 


None.. 


16,380 


5 






None.. 


25, 412 


g 




1 X7« PS 


■\Trvr.o 


to run 






1 





Report of tests on heating boilers, etc., at Fort Myer, Va., Feb. IS to Mar, 



£5, inclusive, 1914. 






r.nTs 


1.117 






1,117 






1,117 






1,630 










l.rAX 













i i 


ra 






n 'i 








I 1. 




,n i 


ra . 


















0S.5 






D 


gg i 


















MO 




no, e 








1 


ro 


e&o 


88.2 










i,i i 






. 







00.4 






. 












• 1 


' 


i 







I -14. (To face page 92.) No. 1 



Buildin 



Designation. 



Officers' quarters 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Assembly hall and mess 

3 officers' quarters 

Noncommissioned officers . . . 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Hospital 

Guard house 

Post exchange and gymna- 
sium. 

Mounted-gun platoon 

Tower 

Infantry barracks 

Kitchens and mess 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Commissary and quartermas 

ter's storenouse. 
Quartermaster's storehouse. 

Pumping station 

Cavalry barracks 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Aver- 
age 
cubic 
feet of 
heated 
space 
charge- 
able to 
each 
room. 



4,004 
3,524 
3,524 
3,606 
3,606 
3,606 
3,606 
3,600 



7,231 
6,126 
2,115 
2,115 
2,289 
2,289 
2,289 
2,289 
3,501 
3,501 
3,501 
3,501 
2,036 
2,036 
2,065 
1,807 
2,416 
2,394 

2S9 

20,848 



Temperatures. 



Mean outside for Feb- 
ruary, 21.14. 



Mean inside for February. 



7 a. m. 11 a. m. 7 p. m 



10,036 
10,036 
10,036 
10,036 



65.8 
62.6 
62.1 
64.6 
65.6 
64.4 
76.6 
60.9 
67.0 
66.1 
66.5 
66.4 
68.3 
62.4 
65.4 
59.5 
63.2 
57.7 
60.5 
62.2 
51.8 
60.1 
61.6 
68.4 
64.4 
69.3 
65.7 

65.5 
67.3 
61.7 



67.4 



56.6 

67.9 
61.4 
66.8 
61.4 
63.4 
70.9 



72.9 
71.9 
68.9 
73.3 
69.8 
76.4 
74.4 
66.5 
71.2 
72.0 
73.7 
71.6 
73.7 
67.4 
69.6 
66.0 
54.6 
62.0 
71.1 
65.0 
61.4 
69.3 
69.4 
74.6 
71.3 
74.5 
76.6 

67.0 
70.3 
70.0 



70.6 
70.0 



72.4 
62.3 
68.5 
68.1 
69.6 
74.1 



73.7 
74.5 
70.8 
74.0 
67.3 
76.2 
75.9 
70.4 
72.7 
71.4 
73.1 
74.5 
71.4 
72.3 
74.4 
68.4 
65. 5 
60.1 
74.9 
67.9 
66.4 
69.1 
69.1 
75.0 
70.9 
76.6 
76.0 

67.3 
70.0 
70.4 



65.1 
70.6 



Mean outside for March, 
31.78. 



Mean inside for March. 



7 a. m. 11 a. m. 7 p. m 



70.1 
69.0 
63.3 
66.6 
68.8 
66.5 
67.0 
61.2 
68.8 
67.6 
66.1 
69.7 
69.4 
62.6 
68.6 
61.8 
60.7 
60.6 
58.1 
66.2 
61.6 
67.0 
66.1 
59.7 
61.2 
78.7 
67.8 

65.3 
69.7 
67.6 



67.9 i 
68.4 



78.8 


54.4 


70.3 


64.8 


63.2 


55.0 


68.3 


67.7 


71.5 


63.7 


69.5 


67.3 


74.0 


65.1 



71.8 
72.9 
65.7 
72.6 
69.8 
72.8 
75.2 
70.6 
71.0 
64.2 
75.5 
73.5 
77.8 
67.4 
73.7 
69.4 
56.3 
60.8 
71.7 
69.2 
66.6 
71.4 
69.0 
73.1 
71.1 
75.9 
73.8 

54.5 
69.9 
71.5 



67.5 
69.6 



73.9 

70.5 
56.8 
67.3 
68.3 
69.5 
69.7 



71.9 
77.3 
70.0 
74.3 
71.0 
72.7 
78.0 
71.4 
72.4 
64.6 
75.9 
72.4 
78.4 
71.2 
77.0 
72.3 
57.2 
60.7 
75.1 
69.3 
68.4 
72.0 
73.5 
74.0 
78.9 
73.7 
75.2 

66.7 
67.1 
72.2 



67.2 
78.8 



74.9 

71.7 
53.1 
68.5 
70.1 
69.4 
7.1.7 



;h. 



53096°-14. (Tofi 



Report of tests on heating boilers, etc., Fort Sheridan, III, Feb. IS to Mar. 25, inclusive. 1914. 



Officers' quarters 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Aswinhh liullinul moss 

3 officers' (iimrters 

N mini issioni'tl officers... 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Hospital 

liniiril bouse 

I'ost exchange mill gymna- 
sium. 

Minml!>il-i:iin platoon 

Bower 

lufantri barracks. ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
Kitchens mill mess. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Dc. 
I'oiiliiiU-n, :m.l >|iiiirli-rnijw. 

tar's storehouse 
Quartermaster's storahouse 
nmuiiii»si:,iioii 
Cavalrj barracks 



r:i|.!.illi 

do 

Lieutenant. 



First sergeant.. 

....do 

Serjeant major. 



Troop C 
Troop I). 
Troop B . 
Troop A . 



Name of boiler. 



New Dunning .... 
Regular Dunning. 

....do 

Now Dunning — 



Kinvaiino 

Now Dunning 

Regular Dunning. 

2 Haxlun 

;i New Dunuings. 



Muollor hot-air furnace. 



.do. 



[deal Aral 

Triumph 21-inch. 
Stoves 



2 Brownells 

Return tubular 

Central heating plant, 

Brownwell boilers, 1 

horsepowor each. 



Regular Dunning. 



Hot air. 
Steam... 
...do 



Grate 
area, 

-<|llsiii' 



3.14 
9.82 
26.72 
3.64 



15. 75 

15.75 
14.00 
14.00 



Coal allowance 

pounds per 
day from chart 



Febru- 
ary 
mean 
out- 
side 
tem- 
pera- 



1 . 37U 
1 , 37!) 
1 . 2211 
1.2211 



out- 
side 
tem- 
pera- 
ture, 
31.7S. 



Cubic 

feet of 

For cooking. heated 

space. 



Num- 
ber uf 

rooms. 



111,1111, 
2S, 1117 

28, 101 

25, 237 
25,2:17 
25,237 
25,237 
25,237 



111,1.23 
117,031 
8, 460 
8, 460 
11,446 
11,446 
11,44(1 
11,446 
17,5111 
17, 504 
17,504 
17,604 
8,142 
8,142 
8,202 
7,227 
12,082 I 
11,3(15 | 

11,4111 

"s3,322 



120, 132 

ISO. 132 

12(1, 132 

120,432 



cubic 
reel of 

cliiirite- 
able to 
each 

room. 



4,004 

3,521 
3,524 

3,(111(1 
3,1111,1 
3,(1011 
3.(1(111 

3 600 



7,231 
(1,12(1 
2,115 
2,115 

"."SO 

3,289 

2,2X0 
2,2X0 
3, Mil 
3,601 
3,5(11 
3,501 
J, 036 

2,03(1 
2,IM,, 

1,807 

2. in; 

2.10 1 

239 



in.n.a; 
10,036 

II1.1I3I1 

in 036 



Temparotura 



Mean Inside tbl 



7 a.m. n». in. 7 p. in. 



IIS, 3 
112. 4 

05, I 
50.6 
53. 2 

51 . 7 
no,;, 
62.2 
01.8 



61.4 

in I 

70 



i Ornte area 24 feet each. 



72. '( 

J '( 
68.0 
«, i 
60 s 
7(1. I 
71. 1 

(Hi.:, 

71.2 
72.0 
73.7 
71.11 
, I, 1 
117. I 

69, i. 

mi. n 

51.11 
02.0 
71.1 
65.0 

ill. I 



74.0 
71.3 
74.6 
76.6 

,,,' ii 
70.3 
70.(1 



Hi ■ lit ■ Ii U iron 



1 a in ii ii iii. ; p, in 



71.11 
n, :; 
78, 2 

ra i 

78.1 

71. I 
73.1 

,i s 

.1 1 

79.3 

71. I 

68. i 

,,, 

mi l 
7l.il 
i, o 
mi i 

69. i 
1)0.1 
, , 
70.1) 



,1, II 

87.8 
70.0 

70. I 



71 . 

69 . 

71.(1 



,,|, ,, 

68,8 



87 
.,i | 
08.8 

... ., 
60. 1 

nil , 

no. i 

,, ,. 

Ill X 

no , 

llll II 

58, 1 

on " 
in. ii 
67.0 
68 i 

,'i , 

si a 

,-s, , 
87.8 

65, 3 

69. 7 

67 i. 



..I a 

1.7.7 

63 
67.3 



.1 s 

66 , 
69 

72, X 

70. II 
71.0 

.,1 a 

75. 5 
, | ■ 
77. H 
n; 1 
73.7 
00.4 
... . 
50,8 

71.7 
00.2 

nil. n 
71.4 
09.0 

,1. I 



.1 ii 
70.0 

,i o 

72.7 
78.0 
71.4 
72.4 
64.0 
76.0 
72. I 
78,4 
1 I 
77.0 
I 
57.2 
no , 
75. I 
llll. 3 

68 I 

72.11 
73.5 

, I n 
78.9 

, : , 
75. 2 



53090° 14. (To face page 92.) No. 2 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 93 

which give fairly accurate results if the heating apparatus is operated 
with the average degree of skill: 

1. Allow 1 net ton of egg anthracite coal per room, equals 2,000 
pounds. 

2. Allow 1 pound of egg anthracite coal per 1 cubic foot of contents, 
equals 1,614 pounds. 

3. Reduce the hot-water radiation to its equivalent steam radiation, 
which is 30 square feet, and allow that each square foot of direct 
steam radiation wiU condense 500 pounds of steam per square foot 
per season, and that the average heating boiler will evaporate 7 

pounds of water per 1 pound of anthracite coal: — equals 

2,143 pounds. 

4. In the latitude of Washington, D. C, where the average winter 
temperature is 45° F., the coal consumed per square foot of grate 
surface in a heating boiler will average 1£ pounds per hour for the 
4,800 hours of the heating season, and the ratio of grate surface to 

direct hot-water radiating surface, averages 1 to 140: — r^X-X ' , 

140 2 1 

equals 2,570 pounds. 

The average of all these rules is approximately 2,080 pounds. 

The building herein considered is an average city residence, well 
protected by surrounding buildings. In a detached dwelling, similar 
to an officer's quarters, the allowance for the standard room previously 
assumed should be increased 10 per cent, or to approximately 2,240 
pounds (a long ton) per annum to be safe. 

In a climate where the winter temperature . averages 35° F., the 
allowance should be increased an additional 15 per cent, or, in other 
words, for a variation of 10° F. on either side of the average winter 
temperature of 45° F., the coal consumption should be increased or 
decreased 15 per cent. 
Respectfully, 

(Signed) B. R. Newton, 

Assistant Secretary. 

Treasury Department, 

Washington, May 1, 191 4. 
The honorable the Secretary of War, 

Washington, D. C. 
Sir: By direction of the Secretary, and referring to your letter 
dated April 10, 1914, in reference to the amount of fuel required for 
heating private residences, apartments, or other buildings, I have the 
honor to advise you that no special tests have been conducted by this 
department to ascertain the coal consumption in dwellings or apart- 
ments. 



94 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

The data along this line, forwarded to you in department letter 
dated April 7, correspond with actual operating results obtained in 
various buildings under the control of this department and with the 
experience of public-service companies engaged in district heating. 
Respectfully, 

(Signed) B. R. Newton, 

Assistant Secretary. 

April 6, 1914. 
To assistant and chief clerk: 

In compliance with the request of the mechanical branch and your 
directions herewith, the following information is furnished as to the 
cost and kind of coal at various cities and posts. These figures do 
not represent the actual cost of the coal, but only the contract prices. 

Portland, Me. (Fort Preble), chestnut, $7.95; stove and egg, $7.70. 

Boston, Mass. (Fort Warren), bituminous, $5.77; stove and egg, 
$8.40. 

New York City (Fort Hamilton), stove, $6.23 ; nut, $6.73 ; egg, $6.04. 

Washington, D. C. (Fort Myer), egg, $6.45; stove, $6.80; nut, $7. 

Fort Monroe, Va., nut, $6.1 7; stove, $5.92; broken, $5.27; egg, $5.85. 

Wilmington, N. C. (Fort Caswell), bituminous, $6.95; nut, $11.10; 
stove and egg, $10.85. 

Charleston, S. C. (Fort Moultrie), stove, $9.93; furnace, $9.68; nut, 
$10.17; bituminous, $6.50. 

Tampa, Fla. (Fort Dade), bituminous, $8.25. 

Chicago, 111. (Fort Sheridan), bituminous, lump, $1.56 f. o. b. John- 
son City, 111.; egg and stove, $7 to $7.50 f. o. b. Chicago; chestnut, 
$7.25 to $7.75 f. o. b. Chicago. 

St. Louis, Mo. (Jefferson Barracks), bituminous, lump, $2.71; 
anthracite, $7.55 to $8.34. 

Atlanta, Ga. (Fort McPberson), nut, $9.07; stove, $8.82; bitumi- 
nous, run of mine, $3.30; bituminous, lump, $3.57; egg, $8.71. 

Little Rock, Ark. (Fort Roots), bituminous, run of mine, $4.25; 
lump, $5.88. 

Mobile, Ala. (Fort Morgan), bituminous, run of mine, $4.80; lump, 
$5.85. 

New Orleans, La. (Jackson Barracks), bituminous, lump, $5.75. 

Galveston, Tex. (Fort Crockett), anthracite, $11; bituminous, 
lump, $7.50. 

Oklahoma City, Okla. (Fort Reno), bituminous, lump, $5.48; 
bituminous, run of mine, $4. 

Omaha, Nebr. (Fort Omaha), egg $6.95 to $7.51, chestnut $7.23 to 
$7.79, anthracite, f. o. b. Chicago; bituminous, lump, f. o. b. Johnson 
City, 111., $1.70. 

St. Paul, Minn. (Fort Snelling), bituminous, lump, $1.70 f. o. b. 
Johnson City, 111.; anthracite, $7.44 to $7.61 f. o. b. Superior, Wis. 



REPOET OX FUEL TESTS. 95 

Bismarck, N. Dak. (Fort Lincoln), no contract. 

Cheyenne, Wyo. (Fort D. A. Russell), bituminous, lump, $5.91. 

Denver, Colo. (Fort Logan), bituminous, lump, $4.20 to $4,312; 
egg $7 to $7.50, chestnut $7.25 to S7.75, anthracite, f. o. b. Superior, 
Wis. 

Bayard, Fort, 1ST. Mex., bituminous, lump, $7.35 to $7.65; semi- 
anthracite, $12.40. 

Helena, Mont. (Fort Keogh), bituminous, run of mine, $3.64; lump. 
$3.98, f. o. b. Duluth, Minn. 

Salt Lake City, Utah (Fort Douglas), bituminous, $5.26. 

Phoenix, Ariz. (Fort ITuachuca), bituminous, lump, $9.46. 

Seattle, Wash. (Fort Lawton), bituminous, lump, $9.25. 

Portland, Oreg. (Vancouver Barracks), bituminous, lump, $3.65. 

San Francisco, Cal. (Presidio), bituminous, lump, $10. 

Rosecrans, Fort, Cal., bituminous, lump, $3.59 f. o.b. Gallup, N.Mex. 

Egbert, Fort, Alaska, no contract. 

St. Michael, Fort, Alaska, $24.50, bituminous. 

Liscum, Fort, Alaska, bituminous, $15.30 and $13.25. 

Gibbon, Fort, Alaska, no contract. 

Honolulu, Hawaii, bituminous, lump, $7.75. 

San Juan, P. R., bituminous, 85.73. 

Manila, P. I., nut, $6.20; bituminous, $5.85. 

Iloilo, P. I., bituminous, $6.90. 

Zamboanga, P. I., bituminous, $7.60. 

Cebu, P. I., bituminous, $6.90. 

Camp E. S. Otis, Canal Zone, no contract. 

H. L. Rogers, 
Colonel, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army. 



96 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



City. 



Mexico City. 



Kind of fuel. 



Berne, Switzerland. 

Habana, Cuba 

Stockholm, Sweden 



Berlin, Germany. 



Constantinople, Turkey 

Vienna, Austria 

Peking, China 

Brussels, Belgium 

London, England ...... 

Guatemala 

St. Petersburg, Russia. 
Santiago de Cuba 

Tokyo, Japan 

Monrovia, Liberia 

Rio Janeiro 

Paris, France 



Quito, Ecuador 

Lima, Peru 

Madrid, Spain.. 

Rome, Italy 



Current for heating, k. w. h 

Gas, per 1,000 cubic feet 

Coal (Eureka, from West Virginia), per ton 

Charcoal, per ton 

Wood, per cord 

Gas, per 3,531 cubic feet 

Hard wood, per cord, according to lengths 

Soft, wood, per cord, according to lengths 

Coal, best anthracite, per 220 pounds 

Charcoal (universal fuel), per sack 

JJard coal, Yorkshire, per ton (2,000 pounds) 

Derbyshire (2,000 pounds) 

Scotch (2,000 pounds) 

Soft coal, Northumberland and Durham, per ton 

AVood, 125.668 cubic feet 

Coal, anthracite, per ton 

Pit, per ton 

Coke, per ton 

Wood, oak, per cord, unsplit . 

Wood, oak, per cord, split 

Soft wood, per cord, unsplit. . 

Soft wood, per cord, split 

Coal, Cardiff, per ton 

Coal, Newcastle, per ton 

Coal, best Turkish, per ton. . . 
Coal, inferior Turkish, per ton 
Coal, per ton (2,204 pounds). . 
Wood, per ton (2,204 pounds) . 

Wood, per cubic meter 

Hard coal, Mexican, per ton 

Coal, per ton, average 

Gas for heating and cooking, per cubic meter 

Coal, average cost per ton shillings. . 

State's houses are not heated here. 

Wood, T 4 „ 5 o of a cord rubles. . 

Wood, per cord 

Coal, per ton 

Gas (heating, per 1,000 cubic feet) 

Wood, per cord 

AVood, per cord 

Coal, per ton 

Soft coal, winter price, best quali y 

Soft coal, winter price, cheapest quality 

Soft coal, summer price, best quality '. 

Soft coal, summer price, cheapest quality 

Uard coal, whiter price, best quality 

Hard coal, winter price, cheapest quality 

Hard coal, summer price, best quality 

Hard coal, summer price, cheapest quality 

Hard wood, cut for fireplaces, winter price 

Hard wood, cut for fireplaces, summer price 

Fuel, wood, per cord 

Coal, per ton 

AA r ood, oak, per cord 

Coke, per sack (40 kilos) 

Hard wood, per cord 

Coke, per cord 

Fagots, per cord 

Anthracite, per cord 

Gas, per cord 



Cost. 



8 

20.00 

12.00 

U.45 

8.00 

3.00 

17.50 

13.48 

11.09 

12.43 

10.78 

14. 98 

13.01 

14.27 

12.03 

9.71 

8.93 

6.00 

14.00-15.00 

27.60 

.54 

22.26 

9.00 

20.81 

14.43 

5.57 



1 United States currency. 



SCHEDULE OF ROOMS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF OFFICERS' 

QUARTERS. 

colonel's quarters. 

3-655. First floor, 1 reception hall, 4 rooms, 1 laundry, 1 toilet 
room; second floor, 7 bedrooms, 3 bathroooms; attic floor, 3 servants' 
rooms, 1 servants' bathroom; total, 16 rooms, 4 bathrooms, and 1 
toilet room. 

95-C. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 4 bed- 
rooms, 1 bathroom, 1 sewing room; attic floor, 2 bedrooms, 1 servant's 
room, 1 servant's bathroom; total, 13 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 

178. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 5 rooms, 2 servants' rooms, 1 
servants' bathroom; second floor, 6 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; total, 
14 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 

215. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 4 
bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 1 servant's bathroom; attic floor, 3 bedrooms, 
1 bathroom, 2 servants' bedrooms: total, 14 rooms and 4 bathrooms. 

FIELD OFFICERS' QUARTERS. 

145-F. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 
4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 servants' bathroom: attic floor, 2 servants' 
rooms; total, 11 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 

243. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms, 2 servants' rooms, 
1 servants' bathroom; second floor, 6 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; total, 
13 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 

235. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 5 
bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servants' 
bathroom; total, 12 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 

captains' quarters. 

142-D. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 
4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servant's 
bathroom; total, 11 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 

163-B. First floor, 4 rooms, 1 servant's room, 1 servant's bath- 
room; second floor, 5 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; total, 10 rooms and 2 
bathrooms. 

236. Captain's quarters, basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms; 
second floor, 4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic floor, 1 servant's room, 
1 servant's bathroom; total, 9 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 

53096°— 14 7 97 



98 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

lieutenants' QUARTERS. 

256-A. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms, 1 servant's room; 
1 servant's bathroom; second floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; total, 
8 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 

120-H. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms; second floor, 
3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servants' 
bathroom; total, 9 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 

260. Basement, 1 laundry, 1 servant's bathroom; first floor, 3 
rooms; second floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 servants' room; total, 
8 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 



COMMENTS OF POST AUTHORITIES RELATIVE TO FUEL TESTS 
AT FORT MYER, VA., WASHINGTON BARRACKS, D. C, AND FORT 
SHERIDAN, ILL. 

The following reports give the remarks and recommendations of 
the post authorities relative to the methods employed and results 
obtained at the fuel tests at the posts above named. 

Fort Myer, Va., April 4, 1914. 
Q. M. 0.— 1469. 
From: Quartermaster. 
To: Chief, Quartermaster Corps. 
Subject: Fuel tests. 

1. In compliance with letter of January 31, 1914 (No. 491125), 
the scheme of the tests was carefully gone over, enlisted men were 
detailed as firemen and made familiar with the instructions, and the 
general scheme outlined in paragraph 4 was carried out. 

2. Second Lieut. Homer M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assistant to 
the quartermaster, was gn en immediate charge of the operations of 
the test. Sergeants Firemen Allen, Condon, and Conroy, Quarter- 
master Corps, sent here for the purpose, were given charge of districts 
approximating one-third of the garrison to each. 

3. The furnaces were overhauled, drafts regulated where neces- 
sary, minor repairs made, and the furnaces generally put in good 
condition. 

4. The 17 enlisted men acting as firemen were carefully instructed 
in the method of firing laid down in the instructions, and each fireman 
was given a copy of these instructions. 

5. Thermometers were installed in each building with a furnace 
and galv anized-iron ash cans to be used as coal measures issued. 

6. Copies of instructions to officers of the post, dated February 9 
and February 26, have already been submitted with other data; also 
copy of instructions to the district firemen of February 12. 

7. The test for furnace boilers began February 15 and for fuel for 
cooking February 18. All ended March 25. 

8. Temperatures were read in each house three times daily at ap- 
proximately 7 a. m., 11a. m., and 7 p. m. 

9. The method of determining the weight of coal used daily was to 
weigh a can full of each kind of coal, and, with this weight as a basis, 
coal for furnaces, cook stove, laundry, and fireplace was placed in 

99 



100 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

separate piles and plaees. A little more than a sufficient quantity 
was measured out for each day and on the following morning the 
remainder was put back in the can and weighed by use of a measuring 
stick. 

10. Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, in charge of the 
tests, made several visits to the post, explained the object of the test 
to all officers assembled, and explained more fully the instructions 
received as to the details of the test. Mr. Anderson and Mr. Tripp, 
engineers, from the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, 
made periodical visits to the post, examined the records, and, as 
Capt. Hines's representatives, approved methods used or suggested 
changes, which were in all instances carried out. 

11. The weather conditions during the test were quite varied, 
ranging from a warm day when the temperature at 8 a. m. was 50° to 
a temperature of 3° at 8 a. m. on another clay. There were several 
storms during the period, one a blizzard, on the night of March 1-2, 
with a high wind, breaking many windows and freezing many pipes 
thus exposed. The minimum temperature on this day was 15°. 

12. Under instructions transmitted by Mr. Tripp, all original rec- 
ords were removed by him to the War Department on March 26; 
all data relative to the test is therefore in the office of the Chief of the 
Quartermaster Corps, no retained copies being on file at this post. 
Daily notes relative to the test made by Lieut. Groninger were also 
submitted with the above data. 

13. Since the conclusion of a previous test about two years ago, 
the firing of all heating boilers at this post has been under the direct 
control of a civil employee of the Quartermaster Corps, the actual 
firing being done, with few exceptions, by enlisted men detailed for 
the purpose. Each organization furnished a man for its boiler and 
hot-water heater, and in officers' quarters one man managed approxi- 
mately five fires. All firemen have been instructed in their duties 
and their work is under the daily supervision of the employee above 
mentioned. The system has worked satisfactorily and, it is thought, 
economically, although there are no definite figures at hand for 
comparison. 

The above is mentioned as it is noted that a similar scheme is rec- 
ommended for adoption in a proposed circular accompanying other 
papers transmitted for use during this test. 

14. No opinion on the general method of determining coal allow- 
ances can be given until the tabulation of data now going on in the 
office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps is completed. 

W. J. Glasgow, 
Captain, Quartermaster Corps. 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 101 

Office of the Quartermaster, 
Washington Barracks, D. C. April 7, 191J,.. 
From: Assistant quartermaster. 

To: The quartermaster, Washington Barracks, D. C. 
Subject: Fuel test. 

1. In compliance with your instructions I submit the following 
remarks with reference to the recent heating test conducted at this 
post. All data collected has been turned over to the Chief, Quarter- 
master Corps. 

2. In conducting the work, all the plants were fired by the men 
regularly employed at that work, i. e., by Quartermaster Corps men 
or special-duty men in the public buildings and by the officers' serv- 
ants in their quarters. 

3. In connection with the method of issuing fuel as outlined in the 
memorandum from the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, 
it is essentially the same as the method regularly followed on this 
post. However, it would appear from the memorandum that it 
contemplates having a noncommissioned officer on this work. It is 
thought that this should be done. While it is difficult to point to 
any definite saving that would result to the Government by placing 
a noncommissioned officer on a job that is now filled by a private, 
it is thought that the advisability of this is apparent from the impor- 
tance of the work and the responsibility placed on this man. Non- 
commissioned officers selected for these positions should have gen- 
eral supervision over all heating plants on the post, making all neces- 
sary minor repairs and keeping the plants clean and in adjustment. 

4. Considering the 12 sets of so-called captains' quarters, an ex- 
amination of the results of the test will show that their daily con- 
sumption of coal varied considerably, although they were maintained 
at approximately the same temperature. As these houses are all 
identically the same size and of the same construction throughout, 
it would appear that the differences in coal consumption were due 
principally to the differences in the care exercised in firing. It is 
thought that a competent fireman of the Quartermaster Corps should 
be detailed to attend to all these fires, and that with such a fireman 
the coal consumption in all the houses could be reduced to a point 
at least as low as the consumption in that house now using the least 
coal, and that the price of the coal thus saved would be considerably 
more than the wages of the fireman. 

5. The method suggested for fixing a definite allowance of- fuel for 
cooking and washing for each company would have the advantage of 
reducing the paper work in this office. However, it does not appear 
that this would effect any reduction in the consumption of coal for 
these purposes. 



102 EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 

6. It is thought that the greatest waste of coal at this post is due 
to the following causes: 

(a) In the heating plants, due to inefficient firemen. Formerly 
these plants were fired by enlisted men detailed from the organizations 
on extra duty who received extra-duty pay. At the present time 
the firing is done in part by enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps 
and in part by soldiers detailed on special duty without any additional 
compensation. Competent men for this work can not be obtained 
by detailing soldiers from the companies on special duty. It is 
thought that the saving effected by abolishing extra-duty pay for 
the men detailed in the boiler rooms will be more than overcome by 
the increased cost of fuel and repairs under the present system of 
using privates of the Quartermaster Corps and men on special duty. 
It is thought that a saving could be made by providing a sufficient 
number of competent firemen in the post allotment of Quartermaster 
Corps men, whose pay should be sufficiently high to obtain the proper 
class of men. 

(b) In the officers' quarters, due to inefficient firing by their serv- 
ants. It is thought that this could be remedied by allotting a com- 
petent fireman of the Quartermaster Corps to care for these fires. 

L. C. Herkness, 
First Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. 

[First indorsement.] 

411.] Quartermaster's Office, 

Washington Barracks, D. C, April 8, 1914. 
To Chief, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army: 

1 . Forwarded. Lieut. Herkness, Corps of Engineers, assistant quar- 
termaster, had actual charge of the experiments carried out in heating 
test, under charge of your office. The tests were carried out as di- 
rected. His remarks are concurred in. 

L. W. Jordon, Jr., 
Captain, Quartermaster Corps, Quartermaster. 

Tests at this post were supervised by Mr. P. M. Anderson, elec- 
trical and mechanical engineer of this office. In reference to the 
report of the quartermaster, Mr. Anderson states as follows: 

I have personally supervised the test at this post and concur in the statement that 
the firing was done in the usual manner and that the Quartermaster Corps sergeants 
merely supervised the work at this post. However, these supervising sergeants in- 
sisted that all equipment be kept clean and in good working order and that the fires 
were cared for in the proper manner. This no doubt resulted in a considerable 
saving in the consumption of coal. 

I believe that the law providing fuel for officers contemplated that a sufficient 
quantity of fuel should be furnished to properly heat the quarters occupied by that 
officer if the fuel was properly handled. On examining the heating plants at this post 
before the test was started, it was very apparent that proper precautions were not 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 103 

being taken by the officers in the consumption of fuel. At Washington Barracks only- 
two of the automatic regulators were found in operative condition and practically all 
fires were controlled by drafts through the firing door instead of by drafts through the 
ashpit and smoke flue. In one furnace, especially, soot had collected to a depth 
of not less than 3 inches, showing that the flues had not been cleaned for years. 

I do not concur in the assistant quartermaster's recommendation that firemen be 
allotted from the Quartermaster Corps with pay sufficiently high to obtain the proper 
firing of the boilers. I believe the Government contemplated that a proper amount 
of fuel should be furnished, but I do not believe that it is contemplated to furnish the 
officers with highly paid men to supervise the firing of such fuel. I see no reason 
why each officer should not, to a certain extent, supervise the firing of his own quarters, 
so as to prevent any such conditions as were observed at this post. I believe that 
rigid instructions should be issued to all officers as to the method of firing fuel, and 
that officers should either do their own firing or provide their own men for doing same. 
The only men which I recommend that the Government furnish in connection with 
fuel consumption would be merely one or two men at each post detailed to supervise 
the heating equipment and see that the instructions issued are properly carried out. 



Office of the Quartermaster, 
Fort Sheridan, 111., March 26, 1914. 
From: Quartermaster. 
To : Commanding officer. 
Subject: Fuel tests. - 

1. Complying with your instructions of February 14, I inclose 
herewith reports relative to the use of fuel in certain quarters in this 
post, together with the surgeon's report of temperature. The test 
commenced February 18. 

2. Careful instruction was imparted to all men in charge of fur- 
naces, and everything possible was done to obtain an accurate account 
of the coal consumed. 

3. The question as to the amount of coal to be allowed an officer 
or noncommissioned officer at this post is a very hard one to deter- 
mine, as it depends upon the kind of quarters he occupies; a second 
lieutenant, for instance, occupying a suite in the club building not 
requiring as much fuel (provided all or the majority of suites are 
occupied) as another occupying one side of a double set of lieutenants' 
quarters, and this officer will not require as much as another of the 
same grade occupying a single set of lieutenants' quarters. 

4. The amount of fuel used in any particular barracks or set of 
quarters depends not only upon the temperature but upon the velocity 
of the wind as well; thus with a .fairly strong wind, such as we often 
have here, from 20° to a temperature of 25°, the exposed side of a 
double barrack or double set of quarters will require a very much 
greater amount of fuel than the protected side. Besides this, there 
is the question of hygiene. Some people keep the house pretty well 
closed during cold weather; others — in fact, the majority — keep a 
number of windows more or less open in order to secure a circulation 



104 EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 

of fresh air and to maintain a proper temperature. This requires a 
greater consumption of fuel by those following this method. 

5. In many cases the fuel used for cooking purposes is also used 
for heating kitchens and pantries. 

6. It will be observed that the central heating plant was kept in 
operation during the winter. This was done to heat the exchange 
and gymnasium, the riding hall, headquarters, and the barracks 
occupied by the mounted guard platoon and the detachment of the 
Quartermaster Corps. This required nearly as much fuel as would 
have been required to heat all of the buildings pertaining to that 
system. 

F. H. Saegent, 
Major, Quartermaster Corps. 

[First indorsement.] 

DR9-A 

Headquarters, Fort Sheridan, 111., March 30, 1914. To the com- 
manding general, central department, Chicago, 111. 

T. B. Taylor, 

Captain, Fifth Cavalry, Commanding. 

[Second indorsement.] 

No. 25103 Hz-TO. 

Headquarters, Central Department, Office Department Quarter- 
master, April 2, 1914. To Chief, Quartermaster Corps. Reference 
O.C.Q.M.C. 491125, January 24, 1914. 

D. E. McCarthy, 
Colonel, Quartermaster Corps. 
22 incls. 



CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO DATA, ARMY AND NAVY 
CLUB, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

The Army and Navy Club, 
Washington, D. C, February 18, 1914- 
Capt. Frank T. Hines, United States Army, 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 

My Dear Captain: I thought it would be safer to go to the 
architects and builders to get official figures upon the subject of the 
cubical contents of the club and the other information, and have to 
inform you that the average bedroom cubical space is 1,750 cubic 
feet. This is without bathrooms or halls. The average cubical 
space of a bathroom is 595 cubic feet. The total cubical contents 
of the entire building are 959,595 cubic feet. This includes every- 
thing, basement, halls, etc. 

Of course, in making your estimate, you would consider the fact 
that the bedrooms are heated practically for the entire 24 hours, 
while the other spaces, such as lounging rooms, reception rooms, 
hallways, dining rooms, music rooms, parlors, card rooms, grillroom, 
billiard room, storerooms, and all of the basement space are not 
heated except when necessary; the heat being turned off as a matter 
of routine as early in the evening as possible, or. at the latest, 1 a. m., 
when the club closes. 

The cost of heating the club for the period January 1, 1913, to 
December 31, 1913, was $2,476.62. The cost of the heating plant, 
including the boilers, as furnished by Mr. Wagner, the contractor, 
was $18,428.10. The cost of repairs to the heating plant for the year 
has been $61. This seems very small, but of course, it is on account 
of the plant being practically new. 
Respectfully, 

F. L. Sandoz, Manager. 



The Army and Navy Club, 
Washington, D. C, February 20, 1914. 
Capt. Frank T. Hines, 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 
My Dear Captain: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt 
of your letter, dated February 19, calling attention to certain infor- 

105 



106 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 



mation about the heating of the club which my previous letter did 
not contain, and in reply to your letter have to state that we employ — 





Salary. 


Meals. 


Total. 




Per 

month. 

8100. 00 

50.00 

30.00 


840. 50 
40.50 
21.50 


Per 

month. 
8140.50 




90.50 




51.50 






Total 


180. 00 


101.50 


282.50 







Besides furnishing heat, strictly speaking, for heating the club, 
the boilers are also used to furnish hot water throughout the club, for 
washing, bathing, etc., and also to furnish steam to the kitchen at a 
low pressure of about 25 pounds, which steam is used for boiling 
vegetables, making coffee, and for heating dishes, etc. 

These are all the uses that we have for the boilers, as all the motive 
power in the club is generated by electricity, which we purchase from 
the city electric company. 

For the year 1913 one boiler has been in use all of the time. Two 
boilers had to be used from February 10 to 20, 1913, and this was the 
only time when we were compelled to use two boilers, as the winter, 
you will remember, was a very mild one. 

Steam was used for heating purposes from January 1, 1913, to 
about May 15, 1913, when it was turned off for the summer. Our 
records do not show clearly the exact dates, but there were some 
days when steam was turned on again for such time as the weather 
was too cool for comfort, but from the data and the recollection 
of the chief engineer and his assistants, it is probably safe to assume 
that it was practically turned off about May 15. Steam was again 
turned on for the cold weather on October 19, 1913, and remained 
on during the remainder of the year, to December 31, 1913. 

If there is any information which has been omitted, please let us 
know and we shall be glad to supply it. 
Very truly, yours, 

F. L. Sandoz, Manager. 



The Army and Navy Club, 
Washington, B.C., March 9, 1914- 
Capt. Frank T. Hines, United States Army, 

Office Chief of Quartermaster Corps, Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: Answering your letter of March 6, I have the honor 
to state that the cost of the coal used for generating steam for cooking 
purposes in the kitchen and for heating the water used for members' 
bathing and washing purposes during the summer months only — that 
is, during the months when heat was not turned on the rooms gen- 



EEPOET ON FUEL ^ESTS. 107 

erally throughout the club — was $534.80. During these months 
the cost of coals only for cooking in the kitchen was $258.90. In 
addition to this cost we also used about $150 worth of gas for lighter 
cooking purposes, such as toasting bread, light broiling, etc., so that 
for these summer months our fuel for kitchen use amounted, to 
altogether about $408.90. 

I am giving you this detailed information, as I suppose it may help 
you to form an estimate in proportioning the part of the cost of 
fuel in the fireroom, which, as previously stated, was $534.80, be- 
tween the kitchen and the rooms. In other words, as it is impossible 
to state definitely how much coal is required for generating the steam 
which is used in the kitchen for boiling potatoes and vegetables 
and making coffee, and how much is used for bathing and washing 
by the members, with this detailed information you may be able 
to judge yourself how it should be divided. 

If there is any other information we can supply, we shall be glad 
to do so. 

Very respectfully, 

F. L. Saxdoz. Manager. 



GENERAL, INSTRUCTIONS ISSUED AT FORT MYER, VA., WITH A 
VIEW TO CARRYING INTO EFFECT THE FUEL TESTS DIRECTED 
BY THE CHIEF OF THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS, AND NOTES 
THEREON. 

Memorandum. Fort Myer, Va., February 9, 191 4. 

Under instructions from the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps a 
coal test will be conducted at this post, commencing the 10th instant. 

In order that proper data may be obtained in this connection, the 
following instructions are published: 

All foes pertaining to heating apparatus on the post will be under 
the charge of Second Lieut. H. M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assist- 
ant to the quartermaster. 

Boilers will be fired only by the regularly detailed firemen, and 
none of the boiler adjustments will be altered except by these firemen. 
Under no circumstances will occupants of the quarters or servants 
interfere in any way with fires or adjustments of boilers. All firemen, 
including those in the troop and battery quarters, will be under the 
direction of Second Lieut. H. M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assistant 
to the quartermaster, who has been charged with the supervision of 
this test. Troop and battery firemen will report to Lieut. Groninger 
for instructions at the quartermaster's office at 9 a. m. February 10, 
1914. 

The proper operation of the air valves is of great importance. In 
case the room is not properly heated the trouble is often due to faulty 
operation of the air valves on the radiators. These can be adjusted 
by the occupants of the rooms. Some air valves permit of adjust- 
ment by removing a cap at the top of the air valve and slightly open- 
ing or closing valve by means of a key or screw driver. The following 
rules should be observed in making the adjustment of any valve: 

Never attempt to adjust them except when there is at least 1 pound 
steam pressure on the system. The pressure gauge will always 
register at least 1 pound between 7 a. m. and 7 p. m. Then, if the 
radiator does not heat properly, remove cap from air valve and 
slack off screw or nut at top of valve until air blows through freely. 
Allow this action to continue until radiator is hot throughout and 
steam appears at the air valve; then tighten valve just enough to 
stop all leakage of steam, and replace cap. Do not remove air valve 
from radiator. If valve leaks steam or water, tighten just enough 
to stop leak. 

109 



110 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 

Officers will familiarize themselves as to the barracks of their fire- 
man. In case of dissatisfaction they will telephone him and have 
their fire reduced or increased. 
By order of Col. Wilder: 

Edward T. Donnelly, 
Captain and Battalion Adjutant, Third Field Artillery, 

Adjutant. 

War Department, 
Office of the Quartermaster, 

Fort Myer, Va., February 10, 1914. 

The following assignment of boilers will take effect this date: 

Sergt. Condon, in charge. 

Quartermaster's office, Conley (prisoner). 

Officers' club, Fletcher (Battery D). 

Maj. Fleming, Lieut. Sheridan, Lieut. Olmstead, Chaplain Houlihan, 
Capt. Elliot, Lieut. Milliken— Matthias (Battery D). 

Col. Wilder, Maj. Summerall, Capt. Austin, Capt. Day, Capt. 
Donnelly — Coyle (Troop L) . 

Lieut. Simpson, Lieut. Baird, Lieut. Stewart, Dr. Griffin, Lieut. 
Hillman — Stewart (Battery F). 

Lieut. Downer, Lieut. Carter, Lieut. Burleson, Lieut. Morrison, 
Capt. Sturges — Schultz (Troop I). 

Capt. Connell, Capt. Glasgow, Dr. McMillan, Capt. Forsyth, Capt. 
Locke — Reyhok (Battery E). 

Capt, Williard, Capt, Gallup, Maj. Allen— Bainter (Troop I). 

Sergt. Allen, in charge. 

Troop K quarters, Pvt. Reisch; Troop I quarters, Pvt. Fox; Troop 
M quarters, Pvt. Wiseman; Troop L quarters, Pvt, Van Camp; Bat- 
tery D quarters, Pvt. Plunkett; Battery E quarters, Pvt. Butean; 
Battery F quarters, Pvt. Peck; hospital, Pvt, Patterson; headquar- 
ters, band, and guardhouse, Prisoner Tibbs; post exchange, Pvt. 
O'Toole. 



Second Lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, Assistant Quartemnaster. 



Quartermaster's Office, 
Fort Myer, Va., February 12, 191 4- 

instructions for district firemen 

This post is divided into three districts for the purpose of conduct- 
ing the coal test directed by the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps. 

The first district wall include all boilers and fires beginning at the 
quartermaster's office and extending to quarters No. 12. This 



EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. Ill 

includes commissary buildings, noncommissioned officers' line, 
officers' mess, and officers' quarters to and including quarters No. 12. 

The second district begins at quarters No. 3 and extends along 
officers' line. This district also includes headquarters, band, guard- 
house, post exchange, and hospital. 

The third district comprises boilers in all barracks and all fires per- 
taining to barracks and stables. 

The firemen in charge of these districts are responsible that the men 
under them are conversant with the instructions given by the Chief 
of the Quartermaster Corps relative to the firing of boilers and heaters. 
A copy of these instructions has been read to these men and they each 
have a copy in their possession. The district firemen will adjust 
these boilers as far as possible and submit a list of repairs that are 
absolutely necessary. They will be responsible that the instructions 
given on back of temperature record are carefully and faithfully car- 
ried out in their districts. They will report at this office until further 
orders between 9 a. m. and 10 a. m. daily except Sunday. 



Second Lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, Assistant Quartermaster. 

Fort Myer, Va., February 26, 1914- 
Memorandum for all officers. 

In each set of officers' quarters a certain amount of stove coal will 
be measured daily and piled on the cellar floor. Sacks of coal have 
been placed in each laundry room for use in laundry stoves. Certain 
sacks have been set aside in the cellar hallway for use in fireplaces. 
Officers should exercise the greatest care to instruct their servants so 
that these servants will obtain their coal from the proper places. 

Neither officers nor servants will under any circumstances make 
any adjustments on the boilers. If the quarters are not comfortable 
the fireman will be so notified. In case the fireman can not be found, 
a written complaint will be attached to the thermometer. The ther- 
mometers are read by the sergeant fireman at about 7 a. m„, 11a. m., 

and 7 p. m. 

W. J. Glasgow, 

Captain, Quartermaster Corps, Quartermaster. 
Approved : 

By order of Col. Wilder. 

Edward T. Donnelly, 

Captain and Battalion Adjutant, 

Third Field Artillery, Adjutant. 



112 



REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 




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129 




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